LS, ls-l, ls-al, ll commands in Linux

LS is just a simple list of filenames, ll more detailed list of file type, file owner permissions, file owner group permissions, file size, file last modified time, etc ...

We can use a simple diagram to illustrate, such as 1:

Figure 1

1, the first place on "-", the ordinary file.

2, rw-, indicates that the file owner has read and write permissions to the Text.txt file (x position is "-" indicates no execute permission)

3, rw-, indicates that the file owner's group has read and write permissions to the Text.txt file (x position is "-" indicates no execute permission)

4, r--, indicates that other users have only read permission to the file

Note: rw-, rw-, r--, 3 bits per 3 bits read. R: Indicates Read permission, W: Indicates Modify permission, x: Represents execute permission

1) How do I modify file permissions?

U: Current user permissions, G: Permissions for current user group, O: Current Other user rights

Example: a) Add execute permissions to the current user

1 chmod u+x text.txt

b) Add write permissions to the current user group

1 chmod g+w Text.txt

c) Add read permissions to other users

1 chmod o+r Text.txt

2) How do I modify the file owner?

Example: Modifying the owner to WM

1 chown Linux WM

3) How can I modify the group that the file belongs to?

Example: Modifying an owning group to a GRP

1 chgrp Linux grp