Getting started with Linux: computer components

I. FAQ 1. What does x86 computers mean? A personal computer is called a computer with X86 architecture. Because Intel first developed a CPU architecture of 8086 and later, it is collectively referred to as the X86 architecture; 2. why is the 465 GB hard drive actually only GB? Because we calculate in a binary system, that is, 500G = 500*1024*1024*1024 B, and 1024 of them calculate in 1000, therefore, it is 500*1000*1000*1000/(1024*1024*1024) = 465 GB. 2. Computer classification computers are divided:
(1) Super Computer: the fastest Computer used for simulation. For example, the simulation in the defense military field needs to be placed in the air-conditioned room;

"Sugon 5000A" at Shanghai Supercomputer Center ":

• Memory: 95 TB;
• Hard Disk: 500 TB;
• CPU: AMD 8bit he 64bit 4-core low power 1.9 GHz;

(2) Mainframe Computer: It processes a large amount of data and complex operations. It is used to process a large amount of data on the stock exchange and needs to be placed in an air-conditioner Room;

IBM zEnterprise 114:

• Memory: 120 GB;
• CPU: 3.8 GHz;

(3) mini computer: used for scientific research and does not need to be placed in an air-conditioning room;

HP 9000 rp3440-4:

• Memory: 24 GB;
• CPU: 1 GHz;

(4) Workstation: it is cost-effective and used for academic research, pursuing stability;

Lenovo ThinkStation E30:

• Memory: 16 GB;
• CPU: 3.2 GHz;
• Hard Disk: 500 GB;

(5) Microcomputer: Personal Computer; 3. Computer Composition 1. this section describes the three major components of a computer: input/output units, CPU, and memory. The CPU memory, hard disk, and graphics card. The most important component of a Computer Host is the motherboard, because the CPU, video card, memory, Nic, and sound card are all inserted on the motherboard (of course, if the motherboard is already integrated with the graphics card, sound card, and nic, you do not need to plug in these devices ). There are also CMOS and BIOS on the motherboard; CMOS chip: Responsible for storing hardware configuration parameters, such as whether the NIC is enabled or not; BIOS (Basic Input Output System) is a software, but it is installed on the motherboard, press the [delete] key at startup to access the system. The system reads and writes hardware parameters. Generally, the CPU is based on a fan because there are many CPU tasks and the heat is high. beiqiao: responsible for communication between devices with fast memory, CPU, and Video card speed; nanqiao: responsible for communication between hard disks, USB, and other devices with low speed; Tips: Graphics card (also known as VGA, Video Graphics Array ): the general specifications include PCI, AGP, and PCI-Express. The video card requires a video card memory, which determines the resolution. GPU: embedded in the video card, dedicated chip for processing 3D acceleration. Iv. CPU Introduction 1. CPU function CPU (Central Processing Unit) has two major components: (1) arithmetic logic Unit (2 control Unit; arithmetic logic Unit is responsible for the operation function, and the Control Unit is responsible for coordinating the work of each Unit; the CPU can only read data from the memory, and the computed data can only be stored in the memory. However, the data transmission between the CPU and memory is not fast because it needs to go through the North Bridge, therefore, a Cache (SRAM) exists in the CPU, and some common data is put in the Cache; 2. CPU instruction CPU is a chip containing instruction sets; 20% of instructions complete 80% of the functionality; the CPU can be divided:
(1) Balanced CED Instruction Set computer: Each Instruction is short and the length is the same, and the Instruction Set is small;

Sun's world-class machine (iSCSI): used for large workstations; ARM: used for mobile phones; IBM PowerPC;

(2) CISC (Complex Instruction Set computer): multiple and Complex commands with different command lengths; x86 pcs of Intel and AMD; core and extended Instruction sets in CPU, the core instruction sets do not differ much. The purpose of the extended instruction sets is to improve the performance of the CPU in a certain aspect. For example, MMX can improve the performance of multimedia processing; the Extended Instruction Set of CPU determines the functions that the CPU can execute, for example: (1) multimedia micro Instruction Set: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4, AMD-3DNow !; (2) Virtual Micro Instruction Set: Intel-VT, AMD-SVM; (3) power-saving micro Instruction Set: Intel-SpeedStep, AMD-PowerNow !; (4) 64/32-bit compatible technology: Intel-EM64T; CPU-Z this software can see the current CPU support instruction set, take me as an example: Can see MMX, SSE: Improve the Performance of multimedia processing; EM64T (Extended Memory 64 Technology): Intel's 64-bit instruction set, compatible with 64-bit, indicates that the computer can install a 64-bit operating system; VT-x: Improves virtualization efficiency and stability; 3. external frequency, frequency, frequency doubling external frequency refers to the data transmission speed between the CPU and external devices; frequency refers to the number of CPU operations within one second; frequency doubling refers to the internal acceleration speed of the CPU; frequency = External frequency * Frequency Doubling; the CPU frequency does not determine the performance, that is, the higher the CPU frequency, the better the performance. Some people think that the performance can be improved by increasing the frequency, but not actually, if the CPU frequency is too fast and does not work with other devices, it will lead to a crash. Intel's CPU has basically locked the frequency doubling and external frequency settings, while AMD can still adjust the external frequency, set in BIOS; however, do not tune it. For example, if the original external frequency is 100 M and the frequency is 6, the frequency is 6. 00 M. If the external frequency is adjusted to 200 M, the clock speed is 1200 M. Imagine that the computer should run in coordination with each other. If the CPU runs too fast, in this case, the operation of other components is not coordinated and the system crashes. Note: it is best to ensure that the external frequency of the CPU is the same as that of the memory. 4. i386, i586, i686, and x86_64 are all CPU architecture names; 64-bit CPU is x86_64; i386 --> i586 --> i686. Therefore, if a software is installed on i586, it can also be installed on the i686 machine, but not on the i386 machine; 5. view the CPU parameter FSB (Front Side Bus) through the CPU-Z: North Bridge frequency; 5. Memory introduction dual-channel design: install two identical specifications, the same size of memory, in this way, two channels can be enabled to receive and send Data, and the Data width is increased; DDR (Double Data Rate) memory: two Data transfers in one working cycle; 6. Hard Disk introduction the hard disk is composed of disks, mechanical arm, and head. Common Terms of the hard disk include sector, track, and cylinder;
Transmission Interface: IDE and SATA; one IDE connection line can connect two hard disks (Master/Slave); hard disk information is usually viewed by Master Lu;