How to create and mount a file system in Linux

1. Partitioning of storage devices;

The storage devices we refer to here are mainly local hard disks and mobile hard disks (such as USB and 1394 Interface hard disks). Because the disks are large and in order to meet our various needs, therefore, the hard disk is divided into several partitions. For example, we can use this partition to install the Linux system. That partition is used to install the Windows system ...... ...... Everyone understands this little thing;

As for how to perform hard disk Partitioning in Linux, we recommend that you use fdisk, which seems to be the best partitioning tool. Other tools such as parted and cfdisk have some advantages in one aspect, however, these advantages may bring you some convenience, such as the data backup feature in parted. This feature may be an advantage for veterans, but it is indeed risky for new users; therefore, we recommend that you use the fdisk partitioning tool;

Fdisk usage instructions: refer to: fdisk usage instructions for instances

2. storage devices are formatted to create a file system;

1. Introduction to the file system

We are still far from enough to partition the storage device. We also need to format these new partitions. A partition can only be used after a certain file system is created. The file system process is established, it is the process of formatting a partition with the corresponding formatting tool. This process is similar to formatting a partition in Windows as an NTFS partition. There is no advanced content, but the tools used are different;

In Linux, most mainstream file systems are currently supported, such as NTFS (read-only) and fat (readable and writable), ext2, ext3, reiserfs, HFS (Mac OS), swap partition ...... ...... There are also some file systems that we are not familiar;

In Linux, the commonly used file system is nothing more than the above example; if you add a hard disk, you may want to format it into a Linux File System, the best choice is reiserfs or ext3; at present, ext2 has been replaced by ext3. We do not recommend ext2 file systems. ext2 is highly risky to use. The fastest file system is reiserfs. reiserfs has many advantages, for example, it is safer. ext3 is the best file system that RedHat considers. Therefore, during installation of Fedora 4.0, it is especially difficult to choose reiserfs;

Relatively speaking, reiserfs is better than ext3. If you want to learn more about file systems, you can go to the official forum to find relevant materials, preferably practice;

2. introduction and use of the formatting tool;

Taking fedora 4.0 as an example, our commonly used tool mkfs. ext3 mkfs. reiserfs mkfs. ext2 mkfs. msdos mkfs. vfat mkswap

Tip: if you cannot create a reiserfs file system, that is, there is no mkfs. the reiserfs or mkreiserfs command is because you have not installed the reiserfs-utils toolkit. For details, see instructions on enabling fedora to support creating reiserfs file systems and creating reiserfs file systems.

1) Use of mkfs;

Usage:

[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkfs-T file system storage device

Note:

The file system here should be specified, such as ext3; reiserfs; ext2; FAT32; msdos ...... ......

Devices such as hard disk partitions, floppy disks, and optical drives ...... ......

Before formatting a partition, you must know how to view the partition information of a hard disk and format it accordingly. For example, you can use fdisk-L to view the partition information;

Refer to: Linux disk partition, file system, usage commands and related tools

For example, if I want to format a partition in a mobile USB flash drive, the panorama should be:
[Root @ localhost beinan] # fdisk-l
Disk/dev/hda: 80.0 GB, 80026361856 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9729 Cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065*512 = 8225280 bytes
Device boot start end blocks ID system
/Dev/hda1*1 765 6144831 7 HPFs/NTFS
/Dev/hda2 766 2805 16386300 C w95 FAT32 (LBA)
/Dev/hda3 2806 9729 55617030 5 extended
/Dev/hda5 2806 3825 8193118 + 83 Linux
/Dev/hda6 3826 5100 10241406 83 Linux
/Dev/hda7 5101 5198 787153 + 82 Linux swap/Solaris
/Dev/hda8 5199 6657 11719386 83 Linux
/Dev/hda9 6658 7751 8787523 + 83 Linux
/Dev/hda10 7752 9729 15888253 + 83 Linux
Disk/dev/SDA: 1035 MB, 1035730944 bytes
256 heads, 63 sectors/track, 125 Cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16128*512 = 8257536 bytes
Device boot start end blocks ID system
/Dev/sda1 1 25 201568 + 83 Linux
/Dev/sda2 26 125 806400 5 extended
/Dev/sda5 26 50 201568 + 83 Linux
/Dev/sda6 51 76 200781 83 Linux

We can see the SDA device, so we can use fdisk-L/dev/SDA to display its partition status. For example, I want to format/dev/sda6 to ext3 file system, then:

[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkfs-T ext3/dev/sda6
Mke2fs 1.37 (21-mar-2005)
Filesystem label =
OS type: Linux
Block size = 1024 (log = 0)
Fragment size = 1024 (log = 0)
50200 inodes, 200780 Blocks
10039 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the Super User
First data block = 1
Maximum filesystem blocks = 67371008
25 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2008 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193,245 77, 40961,573 45, 73729
Writing inode tables: Done
Creating Journal (4096 blocks): Done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: Note: Press enter here;
Done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 26 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs-C or-I to override.

In this way, the format is ready. sda6 is now the ext3 file system. We can use mount to load the partition and then use the file system;

[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkdir/mnt/sda6
[Root @ localhost beinan] # chmod 777/mnt/sda6
[Root @ localhost beinan] # Mount/dev/sda6/mnt/sda6

Of course, you can also format the partition into another file system. For example, you can format/dev/sda6 as an ext3, ext2, reiserfs, FAT32, or msdos file system. The command format is as follows;

[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkfs-T ext3/dev/sda6
[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkfs-T ext2/dev/sda6
[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkfs-T reiserfs/dev/sda6
[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkfs-T FAT32/dev/sda6
[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkfs-T msdos/dev/sda6
......

2) Introduction to mkfs. ext3 mkfs. reiserfs mkfs. ext2 mkfs. msdos mkfs. vfat mke2fs;

After talking about a mkfs tool, let's introduce mkfs. ext3 mkfs. reiserfs mkfs. ext2 mkdosfs mkfs. msdos mkfs. vfat is actually the tool called when mkfs executes the command. This is also the main reason why I first introduced mkfs;

Through the file name, we will know what file systems these tools support. These commands provide us with more convenience;

[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkfs. ext3/dev/sda6 Note: format the device into an ext3 file system.
[Root @ localhost beinan] # mke2fs-J/dev/sda6 Note: format the device into an ext3 File System
[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkfs. ext2/dev/sda6 Note: format the device into an ext2 file system.
Root @ localhost beinan] # mke2fs/dev/sda6 Note: format the device into an ext2 file system.
[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkfs. reiserfs/dev/sda6 Note: format the device as a reiserfs File System
[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkfs. vfat/dev/sda6 Note: format the device as a FAT32 File System
[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkfs. msdos/dev/sda6 Note: format the device into a fat16 file system. The msdos file system is fat16;
[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkdosfs/dev/sda6 Note: format the device into a fat16 file system, which is the same as mkfs. msdos.
......

2) mkswap format a partition into a swap zone;

[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkswap/dev/sda6 Note: create this partition as a swap Partition
[Root @ localhost beinan] # Swapon/dev/sda6 Note: Load swap partitions;
[Root @ localhost beinan] # swapoff/dev/sda6 Note: Disable swap partition;

Check the swap partition that has been loaded by the system;

[Root @ localhost beinan] # Swapon/dev/sda6 Note: Load swap partitions;
[Root @ localhost beinan] # Swapon-S
Filename type size used priority
/Dev/hda7 partition 787144 0-1
/Dev/sda6 partition 225144 0-3
<Code>

Why does my system have two swap partitions? Because I used a mobile USB flash drive to do experiments, I mainly used it for writing tutorials; sda6 is the swap partition I created on the USB flash drive;

If swap is loaded upon startup, modify the/etc/fstab file and add a line similar to the following;

<Code>
/Dev/sda6 swap defaults 0 0 Note: Change/dev/hda7 in this row to your swap partition;

Or write the command line directly to/etc/rc. d/rc. Local;

Swapon/dev/sda6

If your hard disk cannot be partitioned, you can create a swap file.

[Root @ localhost beinan] # dd If =/dev/Zero of =/tmp/swap BS = 1024 COUNT = 524288 Note: Create a swap file with a size of 512 MB, in the/tmp directory, you can create a swap file based on your needs;
Read 524288 + 0 blocks
Output 524288 + 0 blocks
[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkswap/tmp/swap Note: Create the/tmp/swap file as a swap
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 536866 KB
No label, UUID = d9d8645d-92cb-4d33-b36e-075bb0a2e278
[Root @ localhost beinan] # Swapon/tmp/swap Note: Mount swap
[Root @ localhost beinan] # Swapon-S
Filename type size used priority
/Dev/hda7 partition 787144 888-1
/Tmp/swap file 524280 0-2

Note: In fact, we have already divided swap partitions when installing the system; view/etc/fstab, which should be the line of SWAP; if you did not add swap when installing the system, you can add them in this way;

3. Mount the file system;

Currently, there are two methods to mount a file system. One is to mount the file, and the other is to automatically mount the file through the/etc/fstab file;

1. Mount disk partitions (or storage devices)

The usage of Mount is actually simple. Let's talk about some common ones;

Command Format for mounting a file system:

[Root @ localhost beinan] # Mount [-T file system] [-O option] Device directory

Note:

-T through this parameter, we can specify the type of the file system. In general, you do not have to specify it and can also recognize it.-T is followed by ext3, ext2, reiserfs, vfat, NTFS, etc, vfat is the parameter used by the FAT32 and fat16 partition file systems. If you forget the file system, you can add auto after-t;

-O: The primary options include permissions, users, disk quotas, and language encoding. However, most of the language encoding options are used in vfat and NTFS file systems. Because there are too many options, let's take a look at man mount;

A device is a storage device, such as/dev/hda1,/dev/sda1, and CDROM ...... For the storage devices in your system, you can use fdisk-l or/etc/fstab or dmesg. In general, the optical drive device is/dev/CDROM; the hard drive device is/dev/fd0; the hard drive and the mobile hard drive are subject to the output of fdisk-L;

1) Attach the optical drive and drive;

Example:
[Root @ localhost beinan] # Mount/dev/CDROM
[Root @ localhost beinan] # Mount/dev/fd0

The first line is the Mount optical drive. As for the Mount path, you can view it through/etc/fstab. Likewise, this is true for the drive/dev/fd0 device; for example, in/etc/fstab

/Dev/HDC/Media/cdrecorder auto users, exec, noauto, managed 0 0

We can be certain that the CD is mounted to the/Media/cdrecorder directory;

However, we can also specify the location where the CDROM is mounted, for example,/mnt/CDROM, so we can also mount the optical drive;

[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkdir/mnt/CDROM
[Root @ localhost beinan] # Mount/dev/CDROM/mnt/CDROM

Create a directory and run the mount command. Then, the CDROM will be mounted to/mnt/CDROM. Then, we can view the information and files on the CD in/mnt/CDROM; you can create this directory as needed. What directory is used is not the most important. It is important that you know what you are doing. For example, we can also create a dvdrom directory and mount it with Mount/dev/CDROM/mnt/dvdrom;

Sometimes our devices are combo and support for dvd cd and burning. We 'd better check the optical drive devices in two ways: View/etc/fstab, the second is to use LS-L for viewing. For example, we can view a line similar to the following in/etc/fstab;

/Dev/HDC/Media/cdrecorder auto users, exec, noauto, managed 0 0

Through this, we can know that HDC is a cdrom device and a cdrecorder device. to verify our statement, use LS-L to list files;

[Root @ localhost beinan] # ls-LH/dev/DVD *
Lrwxrwxrwx 1 Root 3 2005-09-13/dev/DVD-> HDC
[Root @ localhost beinan] # ls-LH/dev/CDROM
Lrwxrwxrwx 1 Root 3 2005-09-13/dev/CDROM-> HDC
[Root @ localhost beinan] # ls-LH/dev/cdwriter
Lrwxrwxrwx 1 Root 3 2005-09-13/dev/cdwriter-> HDC

Isn't it clear? The file names of DVDs, CDROM, and cdwriter are all linked to the HDC device. Therefore, the root cause of the optical drive is/dev/HDC. Therefore, we can also mount the optical drive;

[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkdir/mnt/CDROM
[Root @ localhost beinan] # Mount/dev/HDC/mnt/CDROM

2) file systems that Mount hard disks and mobile hard disks;

A partition can only be used after a file system is created. As we have mentioned earlier, ext2, ext3, reiserfs, FAT32, msdos, and NTFS are widely used in Linux;

[1] mounting a Linux File System;

For ext2, ext3, and reiserfs, you do not need to specify the file system encoding. In fact, Mount does not have this function. For these Linux file systems, if encoding problems occur, they are generally specified through export Lang; therefore, it is relatively simple to mount these file systems;

First, we need to create a directory to mount the file system. As we mentioned earlier, a partition with a file system must have a mount point to be mounted to the system; this mount point is a directory. For example, we learned through fdisk-l that hda5 is a LINUX partition and created a file system, such as the reiserfs file system;

[Root @ localhost beinan] # fdisk-L/dev/hda
Disk/dev/hda: 80.0 GB, 80026361856 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9729 Cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065*512 = 8225280 bytes
Device boot start end blocks ID system
/Dev/hda1*1 765 6144831 7 HPFs/NTFS
/Dev/hda2 766 2805 16386300 C w95 FAT32 (LBA)
/Dev/hda3 2806 9729 55617030 5 extended
/Dev/hda5 2806 3825 8193118 + 83 Linux
/Dev/hda6 3826 5100 10241406 83 Linux
/Dev/hda7 5101 5198 787153 + 82 Linux swap/Solaris
/Dev/hda8 5199 6657 11719386 83 Linux
/Dev/hda9 6658 7751 8787523 + 83 Linux
/Dev/hda10 7752 9729 15888253 + 83 Linux

We first use fdisk-L to check the partition information: We want to mount the/dev/hda5 partition. For example, the hda5 partition creates the reiserfs file system;

[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkdir/mnt/hda5/Note: Create a mount directory first;
[Root @ localhost beinan] # chmod 777/mnt/hda5/Note: Set the/mnt/hda5 permission to be writable and executable by any user, so that all users can write;
[Root @ localhost beinan] # Mount-T reiserfs/dev/hda5/mnt/hda5 Note: Use-T reiserfs to specify/dev/hda5 as the reiserfs file system, and mount it to the/mnt/hda5 directory;
[Root @ localhost beinan] # Mount-T Auto/dev/hda5/mnt/hda5 Note: if we do not know the reiserfs File System on hda5, we can use-T auto to determine the system and then mount it to/mnt/hda5;
[Root @ localhost beinan] # Mount/dev/hda5/mnt/hda5 Note: directly Mount/dev/hda5 to/mnt/hda5 without adding any parameters; the system automatically determines the partition file system;

Is it mounted? We can check it through DF-LH;

[Root @ localhost beinan] # DF-lH
Filesystem capacity in use available % mount point
/Dev/hda8 11g 8.5g 1.9g 83%/
/Dev/SHM 236 M 0 236 m 0%/dev/SHM
/Dev/hda10 16g 6.9g 8.3g 46%/mnt/hda10
/Dev/hda5 7.9g 5.8g 2.1g 74%/mnt/hda5

[2] mounting a Windows File System;

See: loading NTFs and FAT32 partitions in Fedora Core 4.0

3) unmount the file system umount;

Command usage:

[Root @ localhost beinan] # umount device or mount directory

Example:

[Root @ localhost beinan] # Mount-T Auto/dev/hda5/mnt/hda5 Note: Mount/dev/hda5;

[Root @ localhost beinan] # DF-lH Note: Check whether/dev/hda5 is mounted;
Filesystem capacity in use available % mount point
/Dev/hda8 11g 8.5g 1.9g 83%/
/Dev/SHM 236 M 0 236 m 0%/dev/SHM
/Dev/hda10 16g 6.9g 8.3g 46%/mnt/hda10
/Dev/hda5 7.9g 5.8g 2.1g 74%/mnt/hda5

[Root @ localhost beinan] # umount/dev/hda5 Note: uninstall/dev/hda5

[Root @ localhost beinan] # DF-lH Note: Check whether/dev/hda5 is uninstalled;
Filesystem capacity in use available % mount point
/Dev/hda8 11g 8.5g 1.9g 83%/
/Dev/SHM 236 M 0 236 m 0%/dev/SHM
/Dev/hda10 16g 6.9g 8.3g 46%/mnt/hda10

[Root @ localhost beinan] # umount/dev/CDROM Note: uninstall CDROM;
[Root @ localhost beinan] # umount/dev/fd0 Note: detach a soft drive;

......

To check whether a partition is mounted, run Mount-s.

[Root @ localhost beinan] # Mount-S

2. automatically mount the file system through the/etc/fstab file

1) Understand fstab

The above describes how to mount the file system of the storage device. Now let's talk about how to automatically mount the file system on/etc/fstab; first, we need to check/etc/fstab. It mainly depends on the planning method;

# This file is edited by fstab-sync-see 'man fstab-sync' for details
Label =/1/ext3 defaults 1 1
/Dev/devpts/dev/PTS devpts gid = 5, mode = 620 0 0
/Dev/SHM tmpfs defaults 0 0
/Dev/proc defaults 0 0
/Dev/sys sysfs defaults 0 0
Label = SWAP-hda7 swap defaults 0 0
/Dev/HDC/Media/cdrecorder auto users, exec, noauto, managed 0 0

The first field is the device name, which indicates a file system. Sometimes we call a mounted file system as a mount partition. In this field, you can also use a partition label; in the example,/label =/1 is the label of the partition installed by the fedora system. You can use DF-lH to view the partition where the partition is located;

[Root @ localhost beinan] # DF-lH
Filesystem capacity in use available % mount point
/Dev/hda8 11g 8.5g 1.9g 83%/
/Dev/SHM 236 M 0 236 m 0%/dev/SHM
/Dev/hda10 16g 6.9g 8.3g 46%/mnt/hda10

We can know that label =/1 is the/dev/hda8 label. What command should we use to create the hard disk partition label?

For ext3 and ext2 file systems, we can use e2label to set

E2label device [newlabel]

For example, if we want to set the/dev/hda5 tag device of the file system as ext3, we should execute the following command:

[Root @ localhost beinan] # e2label/dev/hda5/5
[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkdir/mnt/hda5 Note: create a directory for mounting/dev/hda5 partitions;
[Root @ localhost beinan] # chmod 777/mnt/hda5 Note: Open the permission and all users can read and write;

Then we need to add a line in/etc/fstab.

/5/mnt/hda5 ext3 defaults 0 0

Warning do not practice in your Linux installation partition (that is, the Linux system/partition), which will cause your Linux system to crash. If you want to practice, test in another partition;

For the reiserfs file system, we should use

[Root @ localhost beinan] # reiserfstune-l tag Device

For example, for reiserfs File System/dev/hda10, set the label to/10;

[Root @ localhost beinan] # reiserfstune-L/10/dev/hda10

Add a line to/etc/fstab;

/10/mnt/hda10 reiserfs defaults 0 0

Warning do not practice in your Linux installation partition (that is, the Linux system/partition), which will cause your Linux system to crash. If you want to practice, test in another partition;

Field 2: mount point of the file system;

Field 3: File System Type;

Field 4: options of the mount command, similar to-O in the Mount; defaults includes these options RW, SUID, Dev, exec, auto, nouser, async; through practice, this by default can also meet our needs; for the meaning of these options, see man Mount;

Field 5: indicates whether the file system requires dump backup. This is a true/false relationship. 1 is required, and 0 is not required;

Field 6: whether to use the fsck disk detection tool to check the file system when the system is started. 1 is required, 0 is not required, and 2 is skipped;

Based on these knowledge, for example, we want to automatically mount/dev/hda5 at startup; we can do the following;

[Root @ localhost beinan] # mkdir/mnt/hda5/Note: Create a mount directory first;
[Root @ localhost beinan] # chmod 777/mnt/hda5/Note: Set the/mnt/hda5 permission to be writable and executable by any user, so that all users can write;

Then we add the following line in/etc/fstab;

/Dev/hda5/mnt/hda5 reiserfs defaults 0 0

Then restart the machine to see the effect;

4. Scanning the file system fsck;

We don't recommend that you use Scandisk in windows. In Linux, there is a tool like fsck. However, fsck can not only scan, but also fix file system problems. It is worth noting that fsck must scan the file system in single-user mode, repair mode, or umount mode.

Warning: scanning a running system may cause system file damage. If your system is normal, do not use a scanning tool. It may cause damage to your system, fsck operation is dangerous;

Take fedora as an example. The file system scanning tool is fsck. ext2 fsck. JFS fsck. msdos fsck. vfat fsck. ext3 fsck. reiserfs (reiserfsck)

Fsck supports the file system ext2 by default. To support ext3 File System scanning, add the-J parameter. It is best to call different scanning tools based on different file systems, for example, fsck. ext2, fsck. JFS, fsck. msdos, fsck. ext3, fsck. reiserfs (reiserfsck. We can also choose different scanning tools based on our own file system;

Example: Scan/dev/hda10 partition (based on reiserfs file system );

[Root @ localhost beinan] # fsck. reiserfs/dev/hda10
Reiserfsck 3.6.19 (2003 www.namesys.com)
**************************************** *********************
** If you are using the latest reiserfsprogs and it fails **
** Please email bug reports to reiserfs-list@namesys.com ,**
** Providing as much information as possible -- your **
** Hardware, kernel, patches, settings, all reiserfsck **
** Messages (including version), The reiserfsck logfile ,**
** Check the syslog file for any related information .**
** If you wowould like advice on using this program, support **
** Is available for $25 at www.namesys.com/support.html .**
**************************************** *********************
Will Read-Only check consistency of the filesystem on/dev/hda10
Will put log info to 'stdout'
Do you want to run this program? [N/Yes] (Note need to type yes if you do): Yes
###########
Reiserfsck -- check startedat wed Sep 14 08:54:17 2005
###########
Replaying journal ..
Reiserfs journal '/dev/hda10' in blocks [18 .. 8211]: 0 transactions replayed
Checking internal tree... finished
Comparing bitmaps... finished
Checking semantic tree:
Finished
No errors uptions found Note: no errors are found;
There are on the filesystem:
Leaves 2046
Internal nodes 15
Directories 130
Other files 2305
Data Block pointers 1863657 (70565 of them are zero)
Safe links 0
###########
Reiserfsck finished at wed Sep 14 08:54:33 2005
###########

Common options for fsck. ext2 and fsck. ext3:

-P Automatic repair (no questions) Note: problems in the file system are automatically fixed;
-Y assume "yes" to all questions Note: if there is a problem with the file system, the system will prompt whether to fix it. If yes, Press Y;
-C check for Bad blocks and add them to the badblock list Note: it is a very long process to check the Bad blocks of the file system;
-N make no changes to the filesystem Note: Do not make any changes to the file system. You only need to scan to check for any problems;

For example, for/dev/hda6 (the file system is ext3), I want to scan and fix it automatically;

[Root @ localhost beinan] # fsck. ext3-P/dev/hda6

Note: It is best to use appropriate tools for different file systems. Although fsck can recognize different file systems without parameters;

For the most detailed parameters of different tools, see -- help or man. Thank you ..

Postscript:

Creating a file system is almost the same as loading a file system. What is more advanced may not be what I can write. I have written several documents to write the mounting of the file system. Several short documents and a summative document may need to be added;

For example, the default installation of Fedora Core 4.0 does not support the creation of the reiserfs file system. The solution is to install reiserfs-utils, which also needs to be supplemented;