File system directory Structure
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Blue indicates directory
Green---> Executable files
Red---> Compressed files
Light Blue---> link file
Grey---> Other files
Contents of each Directory
/boot boot necessary files, the kernel is stored in this
/bin basic commands that all users will use
/sbin administrator commands are saved here
/lib Basic library files and kernel module files required for startup
/etc configuration file directory
/root Root Home directory
/media Mobile Device mount point
/mnt temporary file system mount point
/dev device files and special file storage locations
B:block Device Random Access
C:character Device Linear Access
/OPT third-party application installation location
/srv data used to run the service
/tmp temporary file storage location
/USR Universal shared,read-only data
The bin guarantees that the system has full functionality and is provided by the application
Lib
LIB64 only exist in 64-bit systems
Header files for include C programs
Share structured independent data that can be read by multiple people, such as Doc,man
Local third-party program installation location
/prco is in-memory
/var:variable Data files
Cache Application Caches Data directory
LIB Application state information data
Local applications that are dedicated to/usr/local store variable data
Lock lock File
Log logs directory and files
Process-related data in run, typically used to store PID files
Spool Data Pool
Temporary data generated between two reboots of the TMP save system
/proc for exporting kernel-to-process information-related virtual file systems
/sys for outputting information about hardware devices on the current system virtual file system
/selinux Security echanced Linux, related policies
Ls
-ld displaying directory and symbolic link information
-1 Branch Display
-R Recursive display
-S from file size to small display
-D: Do not enter the directory
File wildcard characters
* Any number of characters
? Any single character
~ Current User Home Directory
~username User Home Directory
~+ Current Working Directory
~-Previous working directory
[WXC] Any one of the characters in the table
Characters other than all characters in the [^wda] List
[:d igit:] Any number, equal to 0-9
[: Upper:] Any lowercase letter
[: Lower:] any uppercase
[: Alnum:] any number or letter
[: Alpha:] any case letter
[: Space:] Space
[:p UNCT:] Punctuation
Touch f[0-9]-->f[0-9]: Create file f[0-9]
Touch {1..100}-->f1-->f100: Create f1-->f100
Mkdir-p Testdir/dir2/dir{x/{a,b},y}: Create Dirx/a,/b,diry under TestDir
File status
Stat View
Categorical metadata (permission attributes), data
Time stamp:
Access time: Time to read files
Modity time:mtime, change file contents (data)
Change time:ctime, meta data occurs
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Touch
-A changes atime only
-M only changes Mtime
-T
-C: If the file does not exist, it is not created
Chattr +a: Lock Atime
Cp
CP SRC DEST
-I interaction
-r,r recursively copy directories and all internal content:
-a archive, equivalent to-DR--preserv=all
-D
-preserv
Mode: Permissions
Ownership: Belong to the main group
Timestamp: Time stamp
Links
Xattr
All
-p,--preserv=mode,ownership,timestamp
-f,--force-Mandatory Override, owner-owned group changed
SRC is multiple files, then dest must exist, and must be a directory, otherwise error
SRC as directory, using-R recursion
Dest for file, error
When Dest is a directory:
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Alias
Configuration file
~/.BASHRC only valid for current user
~/ETC/BASHRC Valid for all users
Directory Operations
Tree
-D Show only directories
-P Pattern: Displays only the paths that are matched by the specified pattern
Mkdir
-P
-V
-M MODE
RmDir: Delete Empty directory
-P: Recursive deletion of the parent empty directory
-V Show More information
Rm-r recursively delete a directory tree
Inode
Inode:index node, containing file-related metadata
Uid,gid, number of links, timestamps, pointers to data blocks, etc.
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CP,RM,MV Differences in inode usage
CP: Allocating idle inode numbers
RM: When deleting data, the inode is deleted first and data is temporarily not deleted
MV: On the same file system, the data does not move, just change the inode
When not on the same file system, MV=CP+RM
Hard Links: Link files and source files correspond to the same inode, only on the same file system
In Fielname linkname change one, the other also changes
Soft Links: Also called Symbolic links
Original file relative path: Relative to the soft link file path, not to the current working directory
Directories can have soft links that can span partitions
In-s
This article from "Linux on the" blog, declined reprint!
Linux Novice Training Camp--File management