The basics of PHP Regular Expressions _ regular expressions

Mind Mapping

Introduced

Regular expression, everyone in the development should be often used, now many development languages have regular expression of the application, such as JavaScript, Java,. Net, PHP, and so on, I today to the regular expression of understanding with you Lao Lao, improper place, please advise!

Terms to know--what do you know about the following terms?

Δ delimiter
Δ character Field
Δ modifier
Δ Qualifier
Δ off character
Δ wildcard character (forward check, reverse check)
Δ Reverse Reference
Δ Lazy Match
Δ Comment
Δ 0 Words wide

Positioning

When do we use regular expressions? Not all character operations are good, PHP in some ways, but the effect of efficiency. When we encounter the parsing of complex text data, it is a better choice to use the positive.

Advantages

Regular expressions, when dealing with complex character operations, can improve productivity and save you a certain amount of code.

Disadvantages

When we use regular expressions, complex regular expressions increase the complexity of the code, making it difficult to understand. So we sometimes need to add comments inside the regular expression.

Common mode

¤ Delimiters, usually using "/" as a delimiter to start and end, you can also use "#".
When do you use "#"? Typically there are a lot of "/" characters in your string, because the characters need to be escaped, such as URIs.
The code that uses the "/" delimiter is as follows.

$regex = '/^http:\/\/([\w.] +) \/([\w]+) \/([\w]+) \.html$/i ';
$str = ' http://www.youku.com/show_page/id_ABCDEFG.html ';
$matches = Array ();
 
if (Preg_match ($regex, $str, $matches)) {
 var_dump ($matches);
}
 
echo "\ n";

$matches[0] In Preg_match will contain a string that matches the entire pattern.

The code that uses the "#" delimiter is as follows. This time the "/" is not escaped!

$regex = ' #^http://([\w.] +)/([\w]+)/([\w]+) \.html$ #i ';
$str = ' http://www.youku.com/show_page/id_ABCDEFG.html ';
$matches = Array ();
 
if (Preg_match ($regex, $str, $matches)) {
 var_dump ($matches);
}
 
echo "\ n";

¤ modifier: Used to change the behavior of a regular expression.

We see ('/^http:\/\/[\w.] +) The last "I" in \/([\w]+) \/([\w]+) \.html/i ') is a modifier that ignores case, and one of the most common uses of "X" is to ignore spaces.

Contribution code:

$regex = '/hello/';
$str = ' Hello word ';
$matches = Array ();
 
if (Preg_match ($regex, $str, $matches)) {
 echo ' No i:valid successful! ', ' \ n ';
}
 
if (Preg_match ($regex. ' I ', $str, $matches)) {
 echo ' YES i:valid successful! ', ' \ n ';
}

¤ Character Value field: [\w] The part that expands with square brackets is the character field.

¤ Qualifiers: Symbols that are followed by [\w]{3,5} or [\w]*] or [\w] represent qualifiers. The specific meaning is introduced.

{3,5} represents 3 to 5 characters. {3,} more than 3 characters, {, 5} up to 5, {3} three characters.

* Represents 0 to many

+ represents 1 to many.

¤ Sign off character

^:

> put in the Word value field (such as: [^\w]) to express the negation (not included)--"Reverse selection"

> precede the expression to indicate the start of the current character. (/^n/i, which means beginning with n).

Note that "\" is called "Jump off character". Used to escape some special symbols, such as ".", "/"

wildcard character (Lookarounds): asserts that certain characters in certain strings exist or not!

Lookarounds are divided into two types: Lookaheads (Forward-check) and lookbehinds (reverse-check? <=).
> Format:
Forward check: (? =) corresponding to (?!) To express a negative meaning
Reverse check: (? <=) corresponding to (? <!) To express a negative meaning
Follow character before and after

$regex = '/(<=c) d (? =e)/'; 
* d front followed by C, D followed by e*/
$str = ' abcdefgk ';
$matches = Array ();
 
if (Preg_match ($regex, $str, $matches)) {
 var_dump ($matches);
}
 
echo "\ n";

Negative meaning:

$regex = '/(? <!c) d (?! e)/'; 
/* d not immediately followed by C, D not followed by e*/
$str = ' abcdefgk ';
$matches = Array ();
 
if (Preg_match ($regex, $str, $matches)) {
 var_dump ($matches);
}
 
echo "\ n";

> Character width: 0
Verifying 0 Character Codes

$regex = '/he (=l) lo/i ';
$str = ' HELLO ';
$matches = Array ();
 
if (Preg_match ($regex, $str, $matches)) {
 var_dump ($matches);
}
 
echo "\ n";

Can't print out the results!

$regex = '/he (=l) llo/i ';
$str = ' HELLO ';
$matches = Array ();
 
if (Preg_match ($regex, $str, $matches)) {
 var_dump ($matches);
}
 
echo "\ n";

Can print out the results!

Description: (? =l) means that he is followed by an L character. But (? =l) itself does not take up characters, to be distinguished from (l), (l) itself a character.

Capturing data

Groupings that do not have a type specified will be fetched for later use.
> indicates that the type refers to a wildcard character. Therefore, only parentheses starting position without question mark can be captured.
> references within the same expression are called reverse references.
> Calling format: \ number (such as \1).

$regex = '/^ (Chuanshanjia) [\w\s!] +\1$/'; 
$str = ' Chuanshanjia thank Chuanshanjia ';
$matches = Array ();
 
if (Preg_match ($regex, $str, $matches)) {
 var_dump ($matches);
}
 
echo "\ n";

> Avoid capturing data
Format: (?:p Attern)
Advantages: The number of effective reverse references will be kept to a minimum, the code more clear.

> Named Capture Group
Format: (? p< Group name >) calling method (?) p= Group name)

$regex = '/(? P<author>chuanshanjia) [\s]is[\s] (? P=author)/I ';
$str = ' Author:chuanshanjia is Chuanshanjia ';
$matches = Array ();
 
if (Preg_match ($regex, $str, $matches)) {
 var_dump ($matches);
}
 
echo "\ n";

Run results

Lazy Match (remember: Two actions will be performed, please see the principle section below)

Format: Qualifier?

Principle: "?" : The smallest data is used if there is a qualifier before it. such as "*" will take 0, and "+" will take 1, if is {3,5} will take 3.

First look at the following two code:

Code 1.

<?php
$regex = '/hel*/i ';
$str = ' hellllllllllllllll ';
if (Preg_match ($regex, $str, $matches)) {
 var_dump ($matches);
}
 
echo "\ n";

Results 1.

Code 2

<?php
$regex = '/hel*?/i ';
$str = ' hellllllllllllllll ';
if (Preg_match ($regex, $str, $matches)) {
 var_dump ($matches);
}
 
echo "\ n";

Result 2

Code 3, using the "+"

<?php
$regex = '/hel+?/i ';
$str = ' hellllllllllllllll ';
if (Preg_match ($regex, $str, $matches)) {
 var_dump ($matches);
}
 
echo "\ n";

Result 3

Code 4, using the {3,5}

<?php
$regex = '/hel{3,10}?/i ';
$str = ' hellllllllllllllll ';
if (Preg_match ($regex, $str, $matches)) {
 var_dump ($matches);
}
 
echo "\ n";

Result 4

Comments for regular expressions

Format: (? # comment Content)
Purpose: Mainly used in complex annotations

Contribution code: is a regular expression used to connect to the MySQL database

$regex = '/
 ^host= (? <!\.) ([\d.] +)(?! \.)     (? #主机地址)
\|
 ([\w!@#$%^&* () _+\-]+)      (? #用户名)
\|
 ([\w!@#$%^&* () _+\-]+)      (? #密码)
(?! \|) $/ix ';
 
$str = ' host=192.168.10.221|root|123456 ';
$matches = Array ();
 
if (Preg_match ($regex, $str, $matches)) {
 var_dump ($matches);
}
 
echo "\ n";

Special characters

Want to learn PHP regular expression, just learn this article is far enough, I hope you stick to learning, reading PHP regular expression related articles.