Ubuntu Terminal command Encyclopedia, Linux Command Encyclopedia __linux

Objective

Most of the following commands need to be entered under console/terminal/shell.

Console, terminal, and shell mean the same thing--a command-line interface that he can use to control the system.

To open a console:

Application--> Attachment--> Terminal

Any command that uses ' sudo ' as a prefix requires administrator (or root) access. So you will be prompted to enter your own password.

Install upgrade
View Software XXX Installation content
dpkg-l xxx

Find software in a software library
Apt-cache Search Regular Expression
Or
Aptitude Search Package

Display statistics for system installation packages
Apt-cache Stats

Displays the name of all available packages for the system
Apt-cache Pkgnames

Display the package information
Apt-cache Show k3b

Find out which package the file belongs to
Apt-file Search filename

To see which packages have been installed

Dpkg-l

Query software xxx depends on which packages

Apt-cache depends xxx

Query software XXX is dependent on which packages

Apt-cache rdepends XXX

Add a CD source

sudo apt-cdrom add

System upgrades

sudo apt-get update (This step updates the package list)

sudo apt-get dist-upgrade (Install all available updates in this step)
Or
sudo apt-get upgrade (This step installs application updates, does not install new kernels, etc.)

Clear the remainder profile for all deleted packages

Dpkg-l |grep ^rc|awk ' {print $} ' |sudo Xargs dpkg-p

If you report the following error, it is not necessary to worry that there is no residual configuration file in your system.

Dpkg:--purge needs at least one package Name argument

Type dpkg--help for help about installing and deinstalling packages; Use the ' dselect ' or ' aptitude ' for user-friendly package management;
Type Dpkg-dhelp for a list of dpkg debug flag values;
Type dpkg--force-help for a list of forcing options;
Type dpkg-deb--help for help about manipulating *.deb files;
Type dpkg--license for copyright license and lack of warranty (GNU GPL).
Options marked produce a lot of output-pipe it through ' less ' or ' more '!
Lack of automatic processing of H files at compile time

sudo auto-apt run./configure

View the temporary storage directory for downloading packages when installing software

Ls/var/cache/apt/archives

Back up the list of all packages currently installed on the system

Dpkg--get-selections | Grep-v deinstall > ~/somefile

Recover all packages from the list file of the installation package backed up above

Dpkg--set-selections < ~/somefile
sudo dselect

Cleaning up older versions of the software cache

sudo apt-get AutoClean

Clean up all software caches

sudo apt-get clean

Remove orphaned software that the system no longer uses

sudo apt-get autoremove

View the address of the package on the server

APT-GET-QQ--print-uris Install SSH | Cut-d\ '-f2

Remove Gnome completely

Apt-get--purge Remove Liborbit2

Completely remove KDE

Apt-get--purge Remove LIBQT3-MT libqtcore4

System
View Kernel

Uname-a

View Ubuntu version

Cat/etc/issue
or cat/etc/lsb-release
or lsb_release–d–s–c

View modules loaded by the kernel

Lsmod

View PCI Devices

Lspci

View USB Devices

Lsusb

#加参数-V can display a description table of USB devices (descriptors)
Lsusb-v

View NIC Status

sudo ethtool eth0

View CPU Information

Cat/proc/cpuinfo

Display current hardware information

sudo lshw

Show current memory size

Free-m |grep "Mem" | awk ' {print $} '

View hard disk temperature

sudo apt-get install hddtemp
sudo hddtemp/dev/sda

Show system Run time

$ uptime
11:47:04 up, 2:10, 1 user, load average:2.40, 2.18, 2.34

Hard disk
View partitions of the hard disk

sudo fdisk-l

Hard Disk partitions

#危险. Careful operation.
sudo fdisk/dev/sda

Hard disk Format

#危险. Format the first partition as a ext3 partition, Mkfs.reiserfs mkfs.xfs Mkfs.vfat
sudo mkfs.ext3/dev/sda1

Hard drive Check

#危险. Check the first partition, do not check the partitions that are already mounted, or you will easily lose and corrupt data
sudo fsck/dev/sda1

Partition mount

sudo mount-t file system type device path access path
#常用文件类型如下: iso9660 Optical Drive file system, VFAT FAT/FAT32 partition, NTFS NTFS partition, SMBFS Windows network share directory, ReiserFS, ext3, XFS Linux partition
#如果中文名无法显示尝试在最後增加-O Nls=utf8 or-o Iocharset=utf8
#如果需要挂载後, normal users can also use the back of the-o parameter to increase, umask=022 such as:-O nls=utf8,umask=022

Partition Uninstall

sudo umount directory name or device name

Read-only mount NTFS partitions

sudo mount-t ntfs-o nls=utf8,umask=0/dev/sdb1/mnt/c

Writable mounted NTFS partitions

sudo mount-t ntfs-3g-o locale=zh_cn.utf8,umask=0/dev/sdb1/mnt/c

Mount FAT32 Partition

sudo mount-t vfat-o iocharset=utf8,umask=0/dev/sda1/mnt/c

Mount shared files

sudo mount-t smbfs-o Username=xxx,password=xxx,iocharset=utf8//192.168.1.1/share/mnt/share

Mount ISO file

sudo mount-t iso9660-o Loop,utf8 xxx.iso/mnt/iso

View IDE Hard drive information

sudo hdparm-i/dev/hda

View Soft RAID Array information

Cat/proc/mdstat

Refer to Hard RAID array information

DMESG |grep-i raid
Cat/proc/scsi/scsi

View SATA Hard Drive information

sudo hdparm-i/dev/sda
Or
sudo apt-get install Blktool
sudo blktool/dev/sda ID

View the hard drive remaining space

Df

Usage: DF [options] ... [File] ... Displays information about the file system where each < file > resides, by default, by displaying all file systems.

Parameters that must be used with long options are also required when using short options.
-A,--all includes a file system with a size of 0 blocks
-B,--block-size= size block in bytes specified < size >
-H,--human-readable print file system size in an Easy-to-understand format (e.g. 1K 234M 2G)
-H,--si is similar to-H, but takes 1000 of the second party instead of 1024
-I,--inodes display inode information rather than block usage
-K is--block-size=1k
-L,--local only displays the file system of this machine
--no-sync do not synchronize before obtaining usage data (default)
-P,--portability uses a POSIX-compliant output format
--sync to get the usage data before the synchronization action
-T, the--type= type prints only the information specified in the file system for the specified < type >
-T,--print-type print file system type
-X, the--exclude-type= type prints only the file system is not the specified < type > information
-V (ignored)
--HELP Display this help information and leave
--version display version information and leave

To view the space occupied by the directory

DU-HS Directory Name

USB flash drive can't unload

Sync
Fuser-km/media/usbdisk

Use files to increase swap space

#创建一个512M的交换文件/swapfile
sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1m count=512
sudo mkswap/swapfile
sudo swapon/swapfile
#sudo Vim/etc/fstab #加到fstab文件中让系统引导时自动启动
/swapfile Swap Defaults 0 0

View the current read/write status of the hard disk

# First Install Sysstat package
sudo apt-get install Sysstat
#每2秒刷新一次
sudo iostat-x 2

Process
To view current memory usage

Free

Usage:free [-b|-k|-m|-g] [-l] [-o] [-t] [-s delay] [-c Count] [-v]

-b,-k,-m,-g show output in bytes, KB, MB, or GB
-L Show detailed low and high memory statistics
-O use old format (no-/+buffers/cache line)
-t display total for RAM + swap
-s update every [delay] seconds
-c update [count] Times
-V Display version information and exit

Continuous monitoring of memory usage

watch-d Free
# use Ctrl + C to exit

Dynamic display of Process execution

Top
The top command enters H or when running. Open the Help window and enter the Q exit directive.

See what processes are currently

Ps-afl

The memory consumption of the statistic program

Ps-eo Fname,rss|awk ' {arr[$1]+=$2} end {to (I in arr) {print i,arr[i]} ' |SORT-K2-NR

Arrange processes by memory from large to small

Ps-eo "%c:%p:%z:%a" |sort-k5-nr

Arrange processes from large to small by CPU utilization

Ps-eo "%c:%p:%z:%a" |sort-nr

View the current process tree

Pstree

Abort a process

Kill process Number (is the number of the first column in the ps-a)
or killall process name

Force abort a process (used when the above process abort is unsuccessful)

Kill-9 Process Number
or killall-9 process name

Graphical way to abort a program

Xkill appear skull Mark Mouse, click Need to abort the program can

To view files opened by the process
PID of Lsof-p Process

Shows the process of opening a file abc.txt
Lsof Abc.txt

Show 22 Ports What programs are running now
Lsof-i: 22

Show the file that the NSD process is now open
Lsof-c NSD

Running the program in the background, after exiting the login, does not end the program

Nohup Program &
#查看中间运行情况 Tail Nohup

To display the running information of a program in detail
Strace-f-f-o outfile <cmd>

Increase the number of system maximum open files
echo 4096 >/proc/sys/fs/file-max
#或者
Ulimit-n 4096

Clear Zombie Process
Ps-eal | awk ' {if ($ = = ' Z ') {print $}} ' | Xargs sudo kill-9