Vim Editor:
Full-screen editor: VIM
Vi:visual interface
Sed: line Editor
VI, VI improved
Vim:
Pattern:
Edit mode: Command mode
Input mode:
Last-line mode:
Edit mode--Input mode:
I:insert,
A:append,
O:new Line,
I: The beginning of the line
A: End of line
O: Above New CCB
Input mode--edit mode:
Esc
Edit mode--and last-line mode:
:
Last-line mode--edit mode
Esc
1, summarize the text editing tool vim use method;
Open VIM:
# VIM
# Vim/path/to/somefile
+#: #为行号;
+/pattern
Turn off VIM:
: Q
: q!
: Wq
: X
ZZ: Save exit
Cursor Jump:
Jump between characters:
H:
L
J:
K:
#COMMAND:
Jump between words:
W: The first word of the word
E: The ending of the current or subsequent word;
B: The first word of the current or previous word;
#COMMAND:
In-line jump:
^: jumps to the first non-whitespace character at the beginning of a line;
0: Jump to the beginning of the line;
$: Jump to end of line;
Move between rows:
#G:
1G, GG
G
Move between sentences:
)
(
Move between paragraphs:
}
{
Edit command:
Character editing:
X: Delete the character at the cursor location
#x:
Xp:
R: replaces the character at which the cursor is located;
Delete command:
D:
d^
d$
D0
DW, DE, DB
Dd:
#COMMAND
Note: The deleted content will be saved to the buffer by the Vim editor;
Paste: P (paste, put)
If this copied or deleted content is not a full line
P: Paste at the back of the current cursor;
P: Paste at the front of the current cursor;
If the copied content is a full row (more than one line)
P: Paste below the line where the current cursor is located;
P: Above line;
Copy command: Y, yank
Y
y$, y^, y0
Ye, yw, yb
YY: Copying rows
#COMMAND
Changing the command: C, change
C $, c^, C0
CB, CE, CW
Cc:
#COMMAND
To undo a previous edit operation:
U:undo
Undo the previous edit operation;
#u
Ctrl+r:
Redo the previous undo operation
.: Repeats the previous edit operation
Turn screen operation:
Ctrl+f: one screen backward;
Ctrl+b: one screen ahead;
Ctrl+d: Back half screen
Ctrl+u: Forward half screen
Vim built-in tutorials:
Vimtutor
Vim's last-line mode
(1) Address, delimitation
: Start_pos,end_pos
#: Line #;
#,#
#,+#
.: When moving forward
$: Last line
%: Full text, equivalent to 1,$
/PAT1/: The first time the line is matched to this pattern;
#,/pat1/
/pat1/,/pat2/
After you can follow the edit command:
D, y
W, R
(2) Find
/pattern: to the tail
? PATTERN: To the header
N: Same direction as command
N: Opposite direction of command
(3) Find and replace
S: In the last line mode, the search and replace operation is done within the bounds of the address;
s/what to look for/replace with content/modifiers
What to look for: Available modes
What to replace: You cannot use a pattern, but you can use a back reference symbol to refer to what the grouping brackets in the preceding pattern match to;
\1, \2, ...
&: Refers to the entire content of the "What to find" matches;
Modifier:
I: Ignore case
G: Global Substitution
/: Used for delimiters, so, to find the content or replace with the content that appears in this symbol, to use \ to escape it, use format: \/
The delimiter can be replaced with other characters: @, #等, for example;
Multi-file Mode:
Vim FILE1 FILE2 ...
: Next
: First
:p Rev
: Last
: Wqall
: Q!all
Multi-File Window segmentation:
Vim-o|-o FILE1 FILE2 ...
Ctrl+w, ARROW
Single File Window segmentation:
Ctrl+w, S:split, horizontal split
Ctrl+w, v:vertical, vertical split
Some of the working features of the custom vim:
(1) Line number
Display: Set Nu
Disabled: Set Nonu
(2) Bracket matching
Display: Set SM
Disabled: Set NOSM
(3) Auto indent:
Set AI
Set Noai
(4) Highlight Search
Set Hlsearch
Set Nohlsearch
(5) Syntax coloring
Syntax on
Syntax off
(6) Ignore character case
Set IC
Set Noic
: Help for assistance
: Help SUBJECT
The permanent effect of the feature setting is as follows:
Global configuration file:/ETC/VIMRC
User profile: ~/.VIMRC
2, summarize the document Search command find use method;
Linux File Lookup:
Locate: Non-real-time lookup, according to the database (fast); Fuzzy search;
Find: Real-time search, exact match, slow speed;
Find [Find location] [find standard] [processing action]
Find Location: Default view current directory;
Lookup criteria: The default is to find all files under the specified directory;
Processing action: Display to standard output;
Find criteria:
-name "file name": Find the file exactly based on the file name.
Support Glob, *, [],?
-iname "file name": Find by file name, character case insensitive; name Ignore case
-user USERNAME: According to the owner of the search;
-group GRPNAME: Search according to genus Group;
-uid uid; #按照Uid to find
-gid GID; #按照gid来查找
-nouser: Find files that are not owned by the master;
-nogroup: Find files without a group;
Combination Lookup criteria:
-A: With
-O: Or
-not,!: Non-
3, summarize the content of bash environment variable;
Bash Environment configuration:
configuration file, the scope of effective, there are two categories:
Global configuration:
/etc/profile,/etc/profile.d/*.sh
/etc/bashrc
Personal configuration:
~/.bash_profile
~/.bashrc
By function, there are two categories:
Profile class: Provides configuration for the interactive logon shell
/etc/profile,/etc/profile.d/*.sh
~/.bash_profile
Function:
(1) Define environment variables, such as path, PS1
(2) run a command or script
BASHRC class: Provides configuration for non-interactive logon shell
/etc/bashrc
~/.bashrc
Function:
(1) Define command aliases;
(2) define local variables;
Variables: Memory space, variable name
Type:
Environment variables: scope current shell process and its child processes
Local variable: scope current shell process
Local variables: scoped only to a snippet of code in the current shell process (usually a function context)
Position variable: $ $, $
Special variables: $?
How variables are defined:
Bash built-in variables: can be called directly, built in a number of environment variables, such as Path
Custom variables:
Variable assignment: variable name = value
Bash Weak type:
When a variable stores data, it is written by default, and any variable can be directly referenced without being declared;
120:24bits
120:8bits
To define a local variable:
Name=value
View: Set
Define Environment variables:
Export Name=value
Declare-x Name=value
View: env, printenv, export
Undo Variable:
unset name
Reference variable:
${name}, $name
Reference symbols in bash:
': Strong reference, variable substitution does not occur
"": Weak reference
": Command Reference
Shell Logon Type:
Interactive login:
Login directly through the terminal;
User Switching implemented by su-l username command;
Non-interactive logon:
A command-line window opens under the graphical interface;
Execute the script;
Su Username;
Configuration file Action Order:
Interactive login:
/etc/profile--/etc/profile.d/*.sh--and ~/.bash_profile--~/.BASHRC--/ETC/BASHRC
Non-interactive logon:
~/.BASHRC--/ETC/BASHRC-/etc/profile.d/*.sh
How does the new configuration of the Edit profile definition take effect?
(1) Re-login;
(2) Let the current shell process to re-read the specified configuration file;
Source/path/to/somefile
. /path/to/somefile
Note: Side effects
4. Summarize the knowledge points of special permissions (SUID, SGID, Sticky) on Linux file system;
Special permissions on the Linux file system
Permission model:
U, G, O
R, W, X
Security context for the process:
Prerequisite: The process is owned by the owner (the process is running as the user's identity);
(1) Whether the user can start an executable program file as a process, depending on whether the user has Execute permission on the program file;
(2) After the program is started as a process, the owner of the process is the current user, the initiator of the process, the group to which the process belongs, and the base group for the initiator;
(3) The access rights of the process, depending on the owner's access rights:
(a) The owner of the process and the owner of the document, the application document is the master authority;
(b) The owner of the process, belonging to the group of documents, the application file is a group of permissions;
(c) Apply other rights;
SUID:
(1) Any executable program file can be started as a process: depending on whether the initiator has EXECUTE permission on the program file;
(2) After initiating as a process, its owner is not the initiator, and the program file is the owner of its own, the mechanism is suid;
Permission settings:
chmod u+s FILE ...
chmod u-s FILE ...
Attention:
S: The owner of the original X permission;
S: The original owner has no x permission;
SGID:
By default, when a user creates a file, it belongs to the base group that the user is a member of;
Once a directory has been set with Sgid permissions, the user who has write permission to this directory has the same group as the directory, not the user's base group, to which the files created in this directory belong.
Permission settings:
chmod g+s FILE ...
chmod g-s FILE ...
Sticky:
For a multi-person writable directory, this permission is used to restrict each file that can only delete itself;
Permission settings
chmod o+t FILE ...
chmod o-t FILE ...
SUID, SGID, STICKY
000
001
010
11P
100
101
110
111
chmod 4777 FILE
chmod 3755 DIR
5, summarize the Linux Disk Management, file system related knowledge points and the use of related commands;
Linux System Management
Disk and file system management;
RAID, LVM; Btrfs
Package management: RPM, yum (DNF)
network management of Linux;
Process and Job Management: Htop, glances, tsar;
Sed and awk;
Linux system boot-up process;
Kernel basic knowledge, kernel custom compile;
System installation: Kickstart, PXE
Linux Disk Management
Hard disk:
Mechanical hard-disk
Ssds
Mechanical type:
Track
Sector:512bytes
Cylinder: The basic unit of the partition;
Mbr:master Boot Record
512bytes
446:bootloader
64:filesystem Allocation table
16: Identify a partition
2:55aa
Disk interface type:
IDE (ATA): 133MB/S,/DEV/HD
scsi:640mb/s
sata:6gbps
sas:6gbps
usb:480mb/s
Identify the hard drive device:/DEV/SD
Mark a different hard drive device:/dev/sd[a-z]
Mark different partitions on the same device:/dev/sd[a-z][1-]
1-4: Primary or extended partition identification
5 +: Logical partition identification
Device Files: Special files
Device number:
Major, minor
Major: Device type
Minor: Different devices under the same type
"Block": block, Random device
"Character": Character, linear device
Gpt
Partitioning: Separates the storage space into multiple small spaces, each of which can use the file system independently;
Partitioning tools:
Fdisk, parted, Sfdisk
Use of the Fdisk tool:
Support for up to 15 partitions on one hard drive;
Partition Management sub-command:
P: Display
N: Create
D: Delete
T: Modify the partition ID
L: List all support ID types
W: Save exit
Q: Discard Changes and exit
M: Get Help
After the creation is complete, check to see if the kernel has identified the new partition:
# cat/proc/partitions
There are three commands that allow the kernel to reread the disk partition table:
CentOS 5:partprobe [DEVICE]
CentOS 6, 7:
Partx
Kpartx
PARTX command:
Partx DEVICE
Partx-a DEVICE
Partx-a-N m:n DEVICE
M
M:
: N
KPARTX command:
Kpartx-af DEVICE
Linux File System Management
File system:
Vfs:virtual File System
Linux:ext2, Ext3, Ext4, ReiserFS, XFS, Btrfs, swap
Disc: iso9660
Windows:fat32 (VFAT), NTFS
Unix:ffs, UFS, JFS, JFS2
Network File System: NFS, CIFS
Cluster file system: OCFS2, GFS2
Distributed File systems: Ceph,
Moosefs, MogileFS, HDFs, GFS, Glusterfs
(1) journaled file system
Non-journaled file system: ext2
journaled File System: ext3
(2) Swap: Swap partition
To create a file system:
Perform formatting on a partition (advanced formatting)
To use a file system, two conditions are met:
Kernel: Support for this file system
User space: There are file System management tools
Create tool: Mkfs (make filesystem)
MKFS-T type DEVICE
Mkfs.type DEVICE
Special management tools for the EXT series file system:
mke2fs-t {EXT2|EXT3|EXT4} DEVICE
-B block:1024, 2048, 4096
-L ' LABEL ': Set volume label
Blkid command:
Blkid DEVICE
LABEL, UUID, TYPE
Linux File System Management:
MKFS, mkfs-t type = Mkfs.type
Ext:mke2fs
To create a file system:
MKE2FS [OPTION] ... DEVICE
-T {EXT2|EXT3|EXT4}
-B {1024|2048|4096}
-L ' LABEL '
-j:mke2fs-t ext3
-I. #:
-N #:
-M #: Reserved disk space occupies a large percentage of space for post-management use;
-O feature[,...]
-O ^feature: Turn off this attribute
Has_journal
File System Properties View and adjustment tools:
E2label
E2lable DEVICE [LABEL]
Tune2fs
Displays the properties of the Ext series file system, or adjusts its properties;
-L: Displays information in the Super block, and displays information about the properties and layout of the entire file;
-L ' LABEL ': Modify the volume label;
-M #: Adjust the percentage of administrative space reserved to administrators;
-J:EXT2-Ext3
-O: File System Properties start or close
-O: File system default mount option enabled or closed
DUMPE2FS:
-H: Displays only the Super block information;
File System Detection:
Fsck:filesystem Check
FSCK-T type
Fsck.type
-A: Auto fix error
-r: Interactive fix error
-F: Force detection
E2fsck:ext Series file system-specific detection and repair tools;
-Y: Auto Answer "yes"
-f:force
File system mount and use:
Kernel--ROOTFS (partition)
ROOTFS Partition:
Bin, Sbin, etc, Lib, lib64, Dev, tmp, proc, SYS
/sbin/init
The additional file system is associated with an existing directory of the root file system, which makes this directory the behavior of accessing the portal as other file systems, called Mount;
The process of releasing this association: uninstall;
Mount points: mount point, device mounted to directory;
Note: After the mount point is mounted, its internal files are temporarily hidden, and an empty directory is used as the mount point;
Mount Method:
Mount: Displays all devices that are already mounted on the current system by reading the/etc/mtab file;
MOUNT-A: Mounts all file systems in the/etc/fstab file that support automatic mounting;
mount [Options] [-o options] DEVICE mount_point
[Options]: Command options
[-O options]: Mount options
Device: Devices to be mounted
(1) Device file:/dev/sda5
(2) Volume Label:-L ' LABEL '
(3) uuid:-u ' UUID '
(4) pseudo file system name
Mount_point: Mount point
Common options:
-T type: File system type
-r: Mount this file system as "read-only" mode
-W: Mount this file system in read-write mode
-N: Each file system will automatically update the/etc/mtab file when it is mounted,-n is used to prohibit this function;
At this point, if you want to view all the file systems that are mounted: cat/proc/mounts
-A: Automatically mount all devices that support automatic mounting;
-B: Bind the directory to another directory;
-O mount option:
Async: Async Mode
Sync: Synchronous mode
Atime/noatime: Whether to update the access timestamp;
Diratime/nodiratime: Whether to update the access timestamp of the directory;
Auto/noauto: Whether this device is allowed to be automatically mounted;
Exec/noexec: Whether the application is allowed to execute on this file system;
Dev/nodev: Whether to support the use of device files on this device;
Suid/nosuid:
Remount: Re-mount
Ro
rw
User/nouser: Is it permissible to mount the device normally;
ACL: whether to support the use of FACL on this device;
DEFAULTS:RW, suid, Dev, exec, auto, Nouser, and Async
Umount: Uninstall command
# Umount DEVICE
# Umount Mount_point
To view the process that is accessing the specified mount point:
# fuser-v Mount_point
Terminates all processes that are accessing the specified mount point:
# fuser-km Mount_point
Swap partition:
Free command:
View the usage status of memory and swap
-M: in megabytes
-G: in gigabytes
Mkswap: Creating Swap partitions
mkswap [option] DEVICE
-L ' LABEL '
Swapon: Enable swap partition
swapon [option] [DEVICE]
-A: Activate all swap partitions
-P Priority: set its precedence;
Swapoff: Disable swap partition
swapoff [option] [DEVICE]
A view of space occupancy information such as file systems:
Df:disk Free
-h:human-readable
Number of-i:inode
-P: Output in POSIX-compatible format
Du:disk usage
-h:human-readable
-s:summary
File system-related Mount profile:/etc/fstab
Each row defines a file system;
Device to mount or pseudo file system mount point file System type Mount options dump frequency self-test order
Devices to mount:
Device files, label=, uuid=, pseudo file system names
Mount Options:
Defaults
Dump frequency:
0: No dumps
1: Daily dumps
2: Dump every other day
Self-Test order:
0: No self-test
1: First self-test, usually only/only 1
2:
...
Linked files on the file system:
Hard Links:
Two paths pointing to the same inode
cannot be performed on the directory;
cannot be done across partitions
Multiple different paths pointing to the same inode; Creating a hard link to a file increases the reference count of the inode; deleting a hard link deletes only one of its access paths, and only the last path is deleted;
Symbolic Links:
The data of the linked file points to another file path;
Can be done to the directory;
can span partitions;
Point to another file path, not an inode;
Creating a symbolic link to a file does not increase its reference count, and deleting the original file will not make the symbolic link file.
ln [-S] SRC DEST
-s:symbolic Link
-v:verbose
6, copy the/etc/grub.cfg configuration file to the/tmp directory, use the Find replacement command to delete the/tmp/grub.cfg file at the beginning of the blank character;
%s/^[[:space:]]\+//g
7. Copy the/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions file to the/tmp directory, and add a # to the beginning of the line beginning with a blank character for each line of/tmp/functions with the find replacement command; The original whitespace character is reserved;
%s/^[[:space:]]/#&/g
8, replace the/etc/sysconfig/init in/tmp/functions file is/var/log;
%s/\etc\sysconfig\init//var/log/g
9. Delete the beginning of the line in the/tmp/functions file so #, and # followed by at least one blank character #;
%s/^#[[:space:]]\{1,\}+//g
10, find the/var directory is the owner of the root, and belong to the group mail all files;
Find/var–user Root–a Group Mail-ls
11. Find all files that are not root, bin or hadoop under the/usr directory;
Find/usr-not-user root-o-user bin-o-user Hadoop
12. Find all files whose contents have been modified and are not root or Hadoop for the last week in/etc directory;
Find/etc-mtime-7-a-not-user root-a-not-user Hadoop
13. Find all files on the current system that are not owned by the master or group, and have been visited in the last week;
Find/-not-nouser-o-nogroup-a-atime 7
14. Find all files that are larger than 20k and type ordinary files in/etc directory;
Find/etc-size +20k-a-type F-ls
15, look for all the users in/etc directory do not have permission to write files;
Find/etc-not-perm +222
16. Find at least one class of users who do not have permission to execute files in/etc directory;
find/etc-not-perm-111
17, find/etc/init.d directory, all users have execute permission, and other users have write permission files;
[Email protected] tmp]# find/etc/init.d-perm-111-a-perm-002
/etc/init.d
18, so that ordinary users can use/tmp/cat to view/etc/shadow files;
[Email protected] tmp]# cp/bin/cat/tmp
[Email protected] tmp]# Ll/tmp/cat
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 48568 September 8 12:23/tmp/cat
[Email protected] tmp]# chmod u+s/tmp/cat
[Email protected] tmp]# Ll/tmp/cat
-rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root 48568 September 8 12:23/tmp/cat
[Email protected] tmp]#/tmp/cat/etc/shadow
Root:$6$7eb90rabjrkkbyur$4hceo5yt9xsustbkwvki7yvqbr3akvl5pvtq8zqdtljbjj3twpqo0dt3oq2driawckvxzcob7bkpid0achhus /:16666:0:99999:7:::
Bin:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
Daemon:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
Adm:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
Lp:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
Sync:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
Shutdown:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
Halt:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
Mail:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
Uucp:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
Operator:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
Games:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
Gopher:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
Ftp:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
Nobody:*:15980:0:99999:7:::
dbus:!! : 16666::::::
usbmuxd:!! : 16666::::::
vcsa:!! : 16666::::::
Rpc:!! : 16666:0:99999:7:::
rtkit:!! : 16666::::::
avahi-autoipd:!! : 16666::::::
abrt:!! : 16666::::::
rpcuser:!! : 16666::::::
nfsnobody:!! : 16666::::::
haldaemon:!! : 16666::::::
Gdm:!! : 16666::::::
Ntp:!! : 16666::::::
Apache:!! : 16666::::::
saslauth:!! : 16666::::::
postfix:!! : 16666::::::
pulse:!! : 16666::::::
Sshd:!! : 16666::::::
tcpdump:!! : 16666::::::
wwg8708:$6$80kzeybuntljh3kw$clysqn/gq6dea0qvvp1ex7/ Pzbqd2m2yn70363sh6bfn97ffhq9rth9tcczbt5jlhvwap9lod14jmzjrm53tv1:16666:0:99999:7:::
wufeng_gg:!! : 16673:0:99999:7:::
oracle:!! : 16677:0:99999:7:::
test:!! : 16679:0:90:7:::
Bash:!! : 16684:0:99999:7:::
testbash:!! : 16684:0:99999:7:::
busher:!! : 16684:0:99999:7:::
nologin:!! : 16684:0:99999:7:::
Centos:!! : 16684:0:99999:7:::
user1:!! : 16684:0:99999:7:::
Hadoop:!! : 16685:0:99999:7:::
19, create the directory/test/data, let a group of ordinary users have write permission to it, and all the files created by the group of directories belong to the group, in addition, each user can only delete their own files;
[Email protected] tmp]# Mkdir-pv/test/data
mkdir: The directory "/test" has been created
mkdir: The directory "/test/data" has been created
[Email protected] tmp]# chmod g+ws/test/data
[Email protected] tmp]# Ll/test/data
Total dosage 0
[Email protected] tmp]# ll-d/test/data
Drwxrwsr-x. 2 root root 4096 September 8 13:33/test/data
8.30 Vim Editor file Find file System jobs (practice)