Basic computer hardware knowledge

Chapter 1: Overview

1. Address Bus, data bus, and control bus
2. environment requirements of hardware:
Temperature and humidity cannot be too high, otherwise the operation is abnormal or short-circuit fault
Cleanliness, dust. Affects the stability of work.
Power supply, UPS: voltage must be stable
Electromagnetic Field: Not too strong
Grounding System:

Chapter 2: Overview of central processor
1. Binary Number, byte section B, kb, MB, GB. TB
2. Core Components of CPU and Microcomputer
Memory, Controller, and register group (temporary data storage) are high-speed buffer memory.
The CPU is often an important indicator for detecting the performance of a machine. If the CPU is fast, the computer will have good performance; otherwise, the performance will be poor.
3. High-Speed Buffer Memory copies frequently used data to facilitate fast access and improve efficiency. CPU -- cache -- Memory
4. The command flow controller and the data flow controller.
5. Multiple pins are available. What is the role of pins? -- About the microcomputer principle
6. How can devices communicate with computers.
The CPU pin also has these three types of bus.
16-Bit Data Bus, 20-bit address bus, control bus unknown or left

7. Repeat the following steps in a regular manner during CPU execution:
Extract an instruction from memory
Analysis command operation code
Read operations from memory if required
Execute commands
Write results into memory if required

8. 8086cpu in the next lesson
It adopts a heart structure and divides the above steps into two units for processing.
1. Execution Unit EU: Responsible for parsing instructions and implementing quality (internal)
A total of 14 registers, up to 1 MB.
2. Bus Interface Unit Biu: Access commands and access operations (external)
Advantages: EU and Biu can work independently of each other, and most of the operations that take and execute commands can overlap, greatly reducing the waiting time. (In the past, the command was executed only after the command was obtained)

9. CPU performance indicators
1. clock speed: the clock frequency, the higher the faster
2. External frequency: the frequency of the CPU interface circuit, that is, the frequency of the system bus.
3. Frequency Doubling: frequency = frequency X Frequency Doubling
4. Font length: The Bit Width of the CPU. The wider the width, the better.
5. Working voltage: low voltage can solve the problem of excessive CPU power consumption and high fever. The lower the voltage, the better.
6. Manufacturing Process
7. encapsulation process: the same CPU can be encapsulated with different Rectangles and squares.

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Lesson 5th: Main Board (one of the important components, platform)
1. the motherboard, also known as the mother board, is a rectangular circuit board in the chassis with the main circuit system of the computer.
2. the type and grade of the motherboard determine the computer type and grade, and its performance affects the performance of the entire computer system.

The main board and CPU are the most important hardware and indicators in the computer.
3. the motherboard is the main circuit component of the computer and a circuit board with certain specifications and standards.
4. The components can be embedded in a modular form into the motherboard, and the components are connected through the bus.
5. main Components: Bus, bus slot, CPU socket, memory slot control chipset, Basic Input and Output System, serial interface, parallel interface, USP interface, keyboard, mouse, IDE, SATA interface, power outlet
6. Some mainboards integrate sound card, Nic, display card, and other components
7.
1 CPU,
2 North Bridge Chip: The above is a heat sink, control chipset, used to control the CPU and kernel .. The heat dissipation is large, so the heat sink is large.
3 nanqiao chip: the chip is also a heat sink and a control chipset. It is used to control external devices and computers. The heat is smaller than that of beiqiao chip.
4 Memory slot, next to cpu
5 computer input and output interfaces, USB, keyboard and mouse interfaces, Nic ports,
6 graphics card slots, with white slots next to the North Bridge Chip
72 strip slots are bus expansion slots-PCI slots, which can expand computer functions, such as a PCI sound card and a PCI Nic.
8 SATA interface, hard disk interface, and disc interface
9 external power supply Interface
0 power outlet, 4 holes, the socket that powers the CPU.
1ide interface, early interface for connecting to the hard drive
2. Interface for connecting the floppy disk drive, under the IPC slot
3. BIOS Initiator

===================== Lesson 6 ===========
1. Ben 4cpu consumes a lot of power, so a dedicated CPU power outlet is needed
2. chipset: integrates all motherboard control functions and is the core of the main board control circuit: beiqiao (System Controller: memory, video card, CPU speed, video card, PCI data), nanqiao (Input/Output Controller)
3. CPU
AGP North Bridge memory

Hard Disk interface: nanqiao PCI interface

USB BIOS

Integrated graphics cards are weaker than independent graphics cards. sound cards and NICs can be integrated.

============= Lesson 7 ====================
1. bios of the motherboard: Basic Input/Output System
Provides the most basic hardware control functions for system software and application software ,. Is a hub that connects software programs and hardware devices. It is a ROM chip and a read-only memory.
2. CMOS stores BIOS settings parameters and data, which are powered by a battery on the motherboard and will not be lost when data is shut down in time.

=========== Chapter 4: Memory ========================= primary storage
1. It is directly connected to the bus, and the CPU can be directly accessed with low capacity and high speed
2. memory performance indicators: capacity, speed, power consumption, reliability, error Verification
3. Rom read-only memory: No loss due to power failure, Ram random memory, and power loss
4. Static random memory: the information in it remains unchanged unless you rewrite it.
Dynamic random memory: It will be rewritten according to the original content for a certain period of time, called refresh. This should be better for clock storage.
SRAM, DRAM

======= Lesson 9 and 10: graphics card ================================
1. The video card also has an IPC interface.
2. There is a digital converter in the video card. He converts the data in the computer into analog signals and transmits them to the display.
Generally, a display accepts analog signals instead of digital signals.
3. graphics card structure:
1. Graphics processor or graphics processing chip: gup is the heart of the video card, equivalent to a CPU computer in the role
2. BIOS chip: Model Specification
3. graphics card memory: video memory, similar to the Memory Function
4. VGA output port;

4.
Metrics

Maximum resolution, color depth, and refresh frequency

============== Lesson 11,12 === sound card ===========================
1. Sound Card, also known as audio card, for sound processing components, independent sound card and integrated sound card
2. Technical Indicators: frequency and number of digits
3. to install an independent sound card, you must first shield the integrated sound card.
Do not block it. You can plug in the new PCI sound card to automatically block the Integrated
4. The general PCI sound card ranges from 15 to Yuan, and the effect is about 30 yuan of integration. It is not as demanding as music.

Course 13, bus ==============================================
1. It is a set of signal lines that transmit public information. It is a public channel for transmitting addresses, data, and control information between various components of the computer system.
2. It is composed of a set of wires and related control and driving circuits.
3. All components are connected by bus.
4. Data Bus: program and data
Address Bus: Address Code, device?
Control Bus: Control Information
5. Transmission Direction: Single Bus, two-way bus
6. Performance indicators: Bit Width, operating frequency, and bandwidth
7. The system bus is also known as the IO universal Bus.
8. expansion slot can be inserted into various Boards: graphics card, sound card, Nic, etc.
9. PCI bus, AGP bus (Graphic acceleration port), PCI Express bus, etc.
1. Ide bus, USB bus,
2. In fact, there are so many interfaces on the motherboard, such as mouse, IPC, USB, and printer. These interfaces are actually bus. Therefore, we can call these USB bus, parallel bus, and serial bus .... The USB on the left of your laptop is the USB bus.

=
1. The bus and interfaces are related. The external performance of the bus is usually the interface.
2. Parallel interfaces and serial interfaces, as if the printer interface on the motherboard is a parallel interface, other interfaces are serial interfaces: Mouse, keyboard, USB, etc.
3. SATA hard disk interface and IDE hard disk interface

===============================17,18 floppy disk and hard disk ============
1. A large number of new-generation SATA interface hard disks have emerged.

================ 19.20, 21 CDs and flash drives ==============
1. Large capacity, low cost, long life, easy to carry;
2. Write the data to the CD using the light. to read the data, you must turn off the disk drive to interpret the data.
3.4 GB-17 GB, single-sided -- Dual-sided
4. Advantages: good compatibility, large storage capacity, low error rate, good quality and efficiency
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5. Flash Drive
USB flash drive, small size, removable solid-state storage device,
Working principle: data is stored in the built-in flash memory, and data exchange with the host using the USB Interface
2.
======= 22, display ===========
1. Two types: 1. CRT display, 2. LCD display
2. convert an electrical signal into a optical signal and display it in the form of a graphic.
3. Three base colors: Red, green, and blue
4. Liquid Crystal is an almost completely transparent material between the solid state and the liquid state.
5. It uses the photoelectric effect of liquid crystal to display images.
6. Advantages: thin, easy-to-use, high cloth temperature, no radiation, high price, low brightness and contrast, and low visual angle,

===============23,24: keyboard and mouse ==========
===============25, chassis and power ============
1. Shielding electrical radiation
2. Power Supply: Like a square XXX, there are many junk lines outside.

===============26, printers and scanners ==========
1. output to paper, text, and graphics
2. Dot Matrix printing, inkjet printing, and laser printing
3. scanners are used for computer image input.

===============27. Recorder and digital camera ========
1. Burner: it is a disc drive that can read and write CDs.
2. Digital Cameras: digital images are taken without film.

===========28. Lan ==========
1. Nic, switch, Cat, server, and Communication Line
============= 29.30 assemble a computer =============
31. Review
32: Interface
Parallel Interface: printer
Serial Interface: Mouse
USB interface: USB flash drive and CD drive
PS/2 interface: Mouse, keyboard
IDE interface: Hard Disk
FDD interface: floppy disk interface
SATA interface: Hard Disk
SCSI interface: Hard Disk
Ieee1394 interface: