[Computer composition and system structure] development of computer and the structure of von noriman

PreviousArticleAfter writing the birth of the first electronic computer, this article continues to tell stories based on time.

The first generation of computers (1940s ~ 1950s)-electronic tube.

Keyword: low-level language.

In August 1944, ENIAC was not completed yet, And now mozili and ekter proposed a construction plan for the next computer edvac. Like ENIAC, edvac will also be used for ballistic computing by the US military. In 1945, John von noreann, who was later known as the father of modern computers, participated in edvac research as a technical consultant. In June of this year, Feng nuoman proposedStorage Program. The general content is: commands and data must be sent to the primary storage before the computer can executeProgramIn addition, once the program is started, the computer can continue to read the next command and data to complete the corresponding task without human operation.

At the same time, he also proposed a computer structure scheme, which was later calledVon noriman StructureOrPrinceton Architecture.

This structure includes the following:

1. Use the "Storage program" idea.

2. The computer consists of five basic components: controller, memory, input device, and output device. The controller controls the execution of commands. The hacker can perform numerical and logical operations, while the memory can store data and also store commands. (In fact, the data and commands are the same, and they are all a string of binary numbers, but the computer should be able to identify), the operator enters the device and the output device to interact with the computer.

3. commands and data are represented in binary format. commands consist of operation code and address code. The operation code indicates the operation type and the address code indicates the data address. A string of commands form a program.

The proposal of the Von noriman structure is very important. Since then, all computers have adopted the Von noriman structure. Computers built based on this structure are called storage program computers. Until today, they are all stored program computers. Edvac is also the first computer built based on the von noriman structure. The computer was handed over to the U.S. Ballistic Research Laboratory in August 1949, but many problems were discovered, and it was not officially run until 1951. However, edvac is not the first storage program computer to be built. The first storage program computer isUniversity of CambridgeManufacturing was put into use in 1949. Several storage program computers were created several years later.

Later, these computers were collectively referred to as the first generation of computers. The first generation of computers were large in size and expensive. They were only used for special research and could not be produced in large quantities.

For edvac

For edsac

 

Second-generation computer (1950s ~ 1960s)-transistor.

Keywords: advanced language, software.

In 1947, Bell Laboratory was born the world's first transistor. A few years later, the transistor replaced the electronic tube as a new computer material. This computer has undergone a qualitative change. Because of the large size, high power consumption, and short life of the electronic tube. The transistor is small in size, low in power consumption, and long in life. In 1954, Bell Labs produced the first transistor computer tradic, which was about as big as a wardrobe (although still large but much smaller than the first generation ), it is equipped with 800 transistors. Second-generation computers have stronger computing power than the first-generation computers, and the biggest improvement lies in floating-point calculation. In addition, the concept of advanced language and software emerged during this period.

For tradic

 

Third-generation computers (1960s ~ 1970s-integrated circuit.

Keyword: operating system.

In 1958, texas instruments and xiantong semiconductor invented integrated circuits at almost the same time. Just a few years later, integrated circuits began to be used in computer manufacturing. In 1964, IBM launched six models of integrated circuits, namely the 360 series, which are divided into big, medium, and small. Third-generation computers are faster than second-generation computers, have larger capacity, lower power consumption, smaller size, and lower price. At this time, the computing speed has reached the level of millions per second. In addition, the concept of the operating system was introduced during this period.

Is IBM 360/91

 

Fourth-generation computers (since the end of 1970s)-ultra-large-scale integrated circuits.

Keyword: Internet.

The fourth generation computer and the third generation computer both adopt the integrated circuit technology, but the fourth generation is called ultra-large-scale integrated circuit. In fact, it is people's technological progress that can integrate more transistors on a chip. Ultra-large scale is just a term. At the beginning, there were only four transistors. In history, dozens of them were called small-scale ones, hundreds of thousands of them were called medium-scale ones, and tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands of others were called large-scale ones, millions and tens of millions are called ultra-large scale. Today, the number of integrations is already tens of billions. One rule here is Moore's Law, which was proposed by Intel's Gordon Moore in 1965. The number of transistors integrated on a chip doubles every 18 months. Higher integration represents faster speed and larger capacity. In addition, the Internet is also a symbol of the fourth generation of computers.

For the current Apple Computer