Computer Hardware Basics Learning Notes

Computer Architecture: operator + controller =cpu Central processing Unit

An operator: An adder that can only do binary calculations, arithmetic and logic operations, such as subtraction, shift

Controller: Controls the coordination of the operator and memory AC, accepts control instructions, indicates how the operator is operating, indicates that the data access location is stored in the memory

Memory: Address the storage device,8 bits A byte, storing data and instructions, can not save data, instructions, just when the power is empty inside

I/O devices (input and Output): Hard disk, network card, the worst performance, input and output devices for people to deal with computers, hard disk also belongs to a input

Relationship: The controller coordinates which data in the memory cell is read to the operator.

All types of buses on the motherboard provide five-part cable access

Bus BUS: Data, control signal transmission

1. Address bus: Addressing

2. Control Bus

3. Data bus

4. line multiplexing: Addend, by Addend (data), instructions can be transmitted on this line

Cpu each pin represents a function (operation mode)

The CPU instruction set specifies what the 1 and 0 pieces of patchwork mean, and how the hardware should perform

CPU Clock frequency:Ghz 4Ghz represents a maximum of 1 seconds change of more than hundreds of billions of times, transmission of more than hundreds of billions of data, through the transistor oscillation switch closed open to create 0 and 1

Cache: high-speed memory, can copy some of the common data from memory, directly to the CPU, also used to coordinate hard disk and memory CPU Rate difference , connect CPU and memory (memory speed can not keep up with CPU, need to cache) level, level Two, level three, the smaller the number and the smaller the CPU speed difference, prefetching mechanism, follow the spatial locality and time locality, the cache cost is high

Register: CPU To temporarily store incoming data, let CPU have memory function

Interruption: The CPU uses the interrupt controller to determine and differentiate which input is, and the peripheral device interacts with the CPU only by interruption.

when you hit the keyboard, the keyboard will send an interrupt signal to the CPU, tell the CPU keyboard What happened, to see

Programmable Interrupt Controller: each of the above lines indicates that multiple devices are connected by vectors

Tip: More interrupts can also affect CPU performance

4G of memory requires a binary digital encoding, because 2 of the third party is 4G, so the three-bit computer bus address 4G memory, Because only the three - root bus, each line only represents 0 and 1 is 4G 4G

ROM: Read-only memory for computer-specific instructions that can be mapped into memory because RAM does not have power-saving functionality. These instructions can tell the computer to detect input, etc., for post power-on self-test

Front-end bus ( FSB):

North Bridge: High-speed bus controller, requires large amount of data, high frequency switching (link CPU and memory)

Now generally high-speed input (such as solid-state drives directly to the North Bridge, faster. away from The CPU is near, tells the bus controller ---- realizes the data exchange quickly

South Bridge : Low Speed Bus Controller --- connect various peripherals, hard disk, keyboard, mouse, connect to North Bridge via bus

How to make your system faster: SSDs are directly connected to the North Bridge

virtual machines: Hardware + software to emulate hardware functions

CPU Virtualization: Cutting the CPU into a time slice

memory Virtual: Linear address space ---= each process itself thinks it has 3G of memory (and 1G to the kernel), in fact not

Virtual machine Memory: Virtual memory is already virtual, physical address space virtual is linear address space

Kernel kernel Features:

1. Process Management

2. Memory management

3. File system

4. Network functions

5. Hardware Drivers

6. Security mechanisms

API (Library): An environment in which high-level languages interact with computers The library is called before it can be executed. compatibility layer between hardware and programming languages, enabling multiple languages to run on multiple hardware platforms

Libraries: a bunch of programs, no execution portals, can be executed by other program calls, cannot be executed independently

Combine the underlying system calls into a more advanced interface that facilitates the handling of programs and hardware, and some common programs that are used by all programs

Library calls: Encapsulating system calls

Liberal call

Kernel call

System call(kernel receives requests from other programs)

malloc (), free () two system calls requesting memory and freeing memory

Pos:portable Operating System POSIX

a rule ----- Portable Operating system specification, programs written on different platforms can be compatible with each other

compiling compilation links Execution

Assembly: Assembly Language Conversion to computer-aware binary code

Compiling: The process of converting other languages to assembly language

Windows Shared library:. dll file dynamic-link library

Linux Libraries:. So file share objects, a library who can use, greatly conserve resources

NUMA: Non-conforming memory access, each CPU has its own proprietary memory space, but requires process and CPU bindings.

program run: Apply to the kernel to occupy CPU Execution Instructions

once compiled, the program will only run on a specific platform, but Java is not the case

whether the application can run also depends on which schema is supported Cpu

API: Pre-compilation

ABI: Post-compilation

CPU Architecture Type:

x86

x64

Arm

m68000,m68k

Power

Powerpc

UltraSPARC

Alpha

Itanium

This article is from the "After Tomorrow" blog, please be sure to keep this source http://leeyan.blog.51cto.com/8379003/1758253

Computer Hardware Basics Learning Notes