Computer Hardware Technology Learning

Computer composition: Attributes embodied in the computer architecture. Including hardware details

Computer Architecture: Computer System attributes seen by computer programmers. Including instruction sets and storage addressing

For example, the command system belongs to the computer architecture, but the implementation of the command system (take commands, analyze commands, and decode operations) is composed of computers.

It is important to distinguish between these two concepts. Embedded programmers need to understand the computer architecture (such as instruction sets) and computer composition (such as the number of registers and usage ).

Computer components: Bus, memory, IO, CPU, control unit (CU) components

Fundamentals of Digital logic and microcomputer Design 5 edition:

Chapter 1-5: Theoretical Basis

Chapter 6-8: Microcomputer Design

Chapter 9-11: Intel and motorcycle Microprocessor

 

Several important concepts

1. Microcode translates machine instructions into sequences of detailed circuit-level operations.

 

2. Microprogramming is typically used by the microprocessor designer to program the logic operated med by the control unit. A microprogram is stored in the control unit.

 

3. Writing microcode is often calledMicroprogramming
And the microcode in a particle processor implementation is sometimes calledMicroprogram
.

 

4. Some hardware vendors, especially IBM
, Use the term as a synonymFirmware

, So that all code in a device, whether microcode or machine code
, Is termed microcode

 

5. Machine code or machine language is a system of instructions and data executed directly by a computer's central processing unit. (Machine code is implemented by Microcode)

6. An assembly language program is stored in the main memory. The assembly language program is called a macroprogram.

 

7.Macro instruction
Is a line of computer program coding that results in one or more lines of program coding in the target programming language.

 

8. machine code is then stored as an executable file (I. e ., a ready-to-run program) and can be executed (I. e ., run) by the operating system any time it is already ucted to do so by another program or by a user. machine code is extremely difficult for humans to read because it consists merely of patterns of bits (I. e ., zeros and ones ). (compiler, linker, assembler)

 

9. how to run the program: Typically, computer programs are stored in non-volatile memory until requested either directly or indirectly to be executed by the computer user. upon such a request, the program is loaded into random access memory, by a computer program called an operating system, where it can be accessed directly by the central processor. the central processor then executes ("runs") the program, instruction by instruction, until termination. A program in execution is called a process. [6] Termination is either by normal self-termination or by error-software or hardware error.

 

Summary: The overall level is that the source code (such as C ++)-> machine code-> is transferred to the memory by the operating system-> the CPU executes the commands (implemented by microcode ).