Computer System-basic knowledge of computer hardware

(1) von noriman's architecture

The numeric system of a digital computer is binary. The computer should be executed in the program order. The computer consists of five parts: controller, memory, input device, and output device.

(1) Controller

The Controller is the entire computer's command center. It extracts the control information in the program. After analysis, it sends the operation control signal as required, so that all parts work in a coordinated manner.

It consists of arithmetic logical units (ALU), accumulators, status registers, and General Register Groups. The arithmetic logic unit is used for arithmetic operations, logical operations and operations such as shift and complement. The accumulators are used to store the operations and operation results. The general register group is a set of registers, the operation is used to store the operations and data addresses. The status register is also called the mark register, which stores the status information generated during the operation of the arithmetic logic unit.

(2) Inspector

The calculator is responsible for program operation and logical judgment, including basic arithmetic operation and logical operation.

It consists of instruction pointer registers (IP), instruction registers (IR), control logic circuits, and clock control circuits. The instruction pointer register is used to generate and store the address of the next instruction to be retrieved. The command register is used to store the commands being executed.

(3) memory

Memory systems include primary memory, secondary memory (external storage), and high-speed buffer memory (cache ). The three constitute a storage hierarchy based on the storage speed, storage capacity, and bit price.

(4) Input Device

Converts information such as programs and data into codes applicable to computers and sends them to memory in sequence. Common input devices include the keyboard, mouse, and scanner.

(5) output device

Output internal information such as data and computing results processed by computers in the form of people's requirements. Common output devices include monitors, printers, and mappers.

(2) central processor (CPU)

An integrated circuit chip consisting of a controller and a memory generator, which processes commands and performs operations.

(1) Instructions

The operation code includes the operation code and operation number. The operation code is an operation performed by a computer. The number of operations involved in the operation itself or the location in the memory.

(2) font Length

An integral unit involved in computing and transmission is called a word. The length of a binary string.

It is usually a 32-bit or 64-bit processor. The font length determines the virtual memory capacity. 32-bit support for up to 2 power 32 = 4G size.

(3) clock speed

CPU core clock frequency. One operation command is executed in one clock cycle, which is the main parameter of the standard computer operation speed. However, the computer performance can be improved only when the operation speed and data transmission speed of each subsystem are improved while the clock speed is improved.

(3) memory

(1) random read/write memory (RAM)

Data is lost after power failure, readable and writable, and the speed is between cache and external storage.

Static random memory (SRAM) and dynamic random memory (Dram ). SRAM is faster than dram, and is often used in CPU cache. DRAM is often used in system primary memory.

(2) read-only memory (ROM)

Data is not lost after power failure, and can only be read or written. For example, the BIOS boot program is stored in the Rom.

(4) Bus

(1) North-South Bridge

Nanqiao is responsible for I/O, such as soft drive, hard drive, keyboard, and additional card data exchange.

The North Bridge is used to exchange data between CPU and memory, video card, and PCI. It is more important than the south bridge and connects to the system bus.

(2) System Bus

It consists of three parts: Data Bus, address bus, and control bus.