First knowledge of Linux

I. Overview

1.Linux is a set of free-to-use and free-spread UNIX-like operating systems.

2. POSIX and UNIX-based multi-user, multitasking, multi-threaded and multi-CPU operating systems.

3. Founder: Linus Torvalds.

On the October 5 of 4.1991, Linus Torvalds announced the launch of the Linux kernel (freeminix-likekernel sources for 386-at) on the Comp.os.minix News group.

6.1994 years in March, Linux1.0 released a code volume of 170,000 lines, which was released under a completely free and free agreement, followed by a formal GPL agreement.

7.1996 years in June, the Linux 2.0 kernel was released with approximately 400,000 lines of code and could support multiple processors.

The birth, development and growth of the 5.Linux operating system always relies on five important pillars: the UNIX operating system, the MINIX operating system, the GNU program, the POSIX standard, and the Internet network.

Second, the Linux distribution version

fedora    Fedora is one of the many Linux distributions. It is a set of free Linux systems developed from Red Hat Linux. The predecessor of Fedora Core is red Hat Linux. Fedora is an open, innovative, forward-looking operating system and platform based on Linux. It allows anyone to use, modify, and redistribute freely, both now and in the future. It is developed by a strong community of members who, with their tireless efforts, provide and maintain free, open-source software and open standards. The Fedora project has been managed and controlled by the Fedora Foundation and is supported by Red Hat, Inc. Fedora is a standalone operating system, a release version of Linux, and the operational architecture includes x86 (i.e. i386-i686), x86_64 and PowerPC. Debian Debian Project was born on August 13, 1993, and its goal is to provide a stable, fault-tolerant version of Linux. It is not a company that supports Debian, but many developers who have invested a lot of time in their improvement process, and this improvement draws on the experience of early Linux. Debian is known for its stability, although its earlier version slink has some problems, but its existing version of potato has been quite stable. This version uses more pluggable authentication modules (PAM), which combines some more manageable software that requires authentication (such as Winbind for Samba). Debian's installation is entirely text-based, which is not a bad thing for itself. But this is not the case for novice users. Because it uses FDISK only as a partitioning tool without the auto-partitioning feature, its disk partitioning process is annoying. After the disk is set up, the selection of the Software Toolkit is implemented by a tool called Dselect, but it does not provide users with easy setup steps for installing basic tool groups, such as development tools. Finally, you need to configure X Windows with the anxious tool, which is similar to other versions of the X Windows configuration process. Once these configurations are complete, Debian is ready for use. Debian provides technical support primarily through web-based forums and mailing lists. As a server platform, Debian provides a stable environment. To ensure its stability, developers do not add new technologies to them at will, but instead choose the right technology to join after many tests. The latest official version is Debian 6, and the kernel is Linux 2.6.32. Debian 6 contains for the first time a 100% Open source Linux kernel, this kernel no longer contains any closed-source hardware drivers. All closed-source software is isolated into a separate package and placed in the "Non-free" section of the Debian software source. As a result, Debian users are free to choose whether to use a fully open source system or to add some closed-source drivers.  mandrake  mandrakesoft,linux Mandrake's publisher, founded in 1998 by a Linux-respected group, aims to make the job as easy as possible. In the end, Mandrake gives people an excellent graphical installation interface, and its latest version also contains many Linux packages. As a branch of Red Hat Linux, Mandrake positioned itself on the best Linux version of the desktop market. But the company is still supporting the installation on the server, and the results are not bad. The installation of the Mandrake is straightforward, setting simple installation options for the novice user. It uses the GUI interface completely, and also makes a simple GUI interface for all kinds of users for the disk partition. The choice of packages is very standard, plus options for software groups and individual toolkits.　　Once the installation is complete, the user simply restarts the system and logs in. Mandrake provides technical support primarily through mailing lists and Mandrak's own web forums. Mandrak is a great choice for desktop users, and it can also be used as a good server system, especially for Linux novices. It uses the latest version of the kernel and has many software-databases and Web servers that users need to use in a Linux server environment.It's just that it focuses more on the desktop market and less on the server market. Ubuntu Ubuntu is a desktop application of the Linux operating system, the name from the southern African Zulu or Hausa "Ubuntu" the word (translated into my Help or the Bantu), meaning "human nature", "I exist because of the existence of people", is a traditional African values, Like the "benevolence" thought of the Chinese society. Ubuntu is based on the Debian distribution and the Unity desktop environment, unlike Debian because it releases a new version every 6 months. The goal of Ubuntu is to provide an up-to-date, yet fairly stable, operating system built primarily of free software for the average user. Ubuntu has a huge community power that makes it easy for users to get help from the community. With the popularity of cloud computing, Ubuntu has launched a cloud computing environment solution that can be found on its official website. Released on April 26, 2012 final version of Ubuntu 12.04,ubuntu 12.04 is a long-supported version. Red Hat Linux may be the most famous Linux version, Red Hat Linux has created its own brand, and more and more people have heard of it. Red hat started business in 1994, employing more than 500 employees worldwide who are committed to open source code systems. Red Hat Linux is a good server in a public environment. It has its own company and can provide users with a complete set of services, which makes it particularly suitable for use in public networks.　　This version of Linux also uses the latest kernel and has the main package that most people need to use. The installation process for Red Hat Linux is simple and straightforward. Its graphical installation process provides easy setup of all information for the server. The disk partitioning process can be done automatically, and the GUI tools can be selected, even for Linux novices. The process of selecting a package is similar to other versions, and users can choose a package type or a special package. Once the system is up and running, users can get full technical support from the Web site and Red hat. I found Red hat to be an optimal version that meets the needs of the public. It works well in both the server and desktop systems. the only flaw with Red hat is that it has some nonstandard kernel patches, which makes it difficult to customize according to the needs of the user. Red Hat offers a wide range of technical support through forums and mailing lists, as well as its own company's telephone technical support, which is more appealing to group customers who require a higher level of technology support. SuSE AG, based in Germany, has struggled for more than 8 years in the business world, and has been working on creating the best Linux version to connect to the database. To achieve this, SUSE works with Oracle and IBM to enable their products to work stably.　　SuSE also developed the SuSE Linux email Server III, a very stable e-mail group application. Based on the 2.4.10 kernel, SuSE 7.3 has improved ease of use on the basis of the original version.　　The installation process is done through the GUI, and the disk partitioning process is simple, but it does not provide more control and choice for the user. With the SuSE operating system, it is easy to access Windows disks, which makes switching between the two platforms easier, as well as using dual-system booting. SuSE's hardware detection is excellent, and this version is well-used on servers and workstations. SuSE has a user-friendly installation process, as well as a graphical management tool that provides easy access to Windows disks and is equally convenient for end users and administrators, making it a powerful server platform. SUSE also provides technical support through a Web-based forum, and I have also found that it has telephone technical support. Linux Mint Linux Mint is an Ubuntu-based release with the goal of providing a more complete, instantly available experience, including browser plugins, multimedia codecs, support for DVD playback, Java and other components. It is compatible with Ubuntu software repositories.　　Linux Mint is an operating system designed for PCs and X86 computers. As a result, a computer that can run Windows can also use Linux Mint instead of windows, or two of them to run. A system that has both Windows and Linux is the legendary "dual system." Similarly, MAC,BSD or other Linux versions can coexist with Linux Mint. A computer with a multi-system will appear a menu for you to select the operating system when you boot. Linux Mint can be very well run on a single system computer, but it can also automatically detect and interact with other operating systems, for example, if you install Linux Mint in a version of Windows (Xp,vista or other version), It automatically detects and establishes a dual boot for you to choose which system to start when booting. And you can access the Windows partition under Linux Mint. Linux is a safer, more stable, more efficient and increasingly easy-to-operate system that is even comparable to Windows, and it is becoming more and more difficult to decide. Gentoo Gentoo is the youngest distribution in the world of Linux, and because of its youth, it is able to absorb the benefits of all distributions before her. Gentoo was originally created by Daniel Robbins (one of FreeBSD's developers) and the first stable version was released in 2002. Because of the developer's familiarity with FreeBSD, Gentoo has a widely acclaimed ports system--portage package management system that is comparable to FreeBSD. CentOS CentOS (Community ENTerprise Operating System) is one of the Linux distributions and it comes fromRed Hat Enterprise LinuxCompiled from source code released in accordance with open source rules. Because of the same source code, there are some servers that require a high degree of stability using CentOS instead of the commercial version of Red Hat Enterprise Linux。 The difference between the two is that CentOS does not contain closed source code software, CentOS is an enterprise-class Linux distribution based on Red Hat Linux that provides free access to source code. Each version of CentOS receives a ten-year support (via security update). The new version of CentOS is released about once every two years, and each version of CentOS is updated periodically (approximately every six months) to support new hardware. This creates a secure, low-maintenance, stable, highly predictive, high-repeatability Linux environment.　　CentOS is an abbreviation for the Community Enterprise Operating system.　　CentOS is the product of the source code recompilation of Rhel (Red Hat Enterprise Linux), and it fixes a number of known bugs on the basis of Rhel, and is reliable with respect to other Linux distributions. There are two ways in which RHEL is released. One is the binary distribution method, the other is the source code distribution mode.

First knowledge of Linux