Linux Basics 99 Q (iii) _unix Linux

Three, into the Linux temple: 35 questions
20. Install Linux, what are the requirements for hardware?

Linux is very low on hardware and can run on IBM PCs with more than 386 cpu,8m memory. However, due to the lack of support from equipment manufacturers, Linux is not very good for many new devices, the new device driver is always a slow step.

21. What do I need to do to install Linux?

1 Collect system data: Record memory size, CDROM interface type, SCSI card model, network card model, mouse type, graphics chipset, clock chip, memory size and other related information;

2 Check the CMOS settings, turn off virus development, set it to boot from the CD drive;

3 If your Linux installation disk can not start, you need to create a startup disk;

4 for Linux installation free hard disk space, preferably around 1G.

22. What is the basic knowledge to install Linux before?

When installing Linux, you need at least two partitions: Linux native primary partition, Linux swap swap partition. Primary partitions are used to store Linux files, and swap partitions provide virtual memory for running Linux.

Swap area Each 8-256m, can have up to 8, generally build a and memory and so large on the line.

DOS, regardless of physical, logical, each partition is a separate part, such as: C disk, D disk, e disk, each disk has a root directory. In Linux, it is physically partitioned, and logically all partitions are a whole, and there is only one root directory in Linux.

23.Linux How do I name my hard drive?

Linux on the hard disk processing, and the DOS system is basically the same, first do the partition, and then do the format. Zoning commands are different, DOS, each partition is expressed in an English letter, and Linux is more flexible, it through the combination of letters and numbers to identify the hard disk partition.

such as "HDA1", HD is a part that represents the IDE hard drive, if it is a SCSI hard drive, the sa;a represents the IDE1 port of the main hard drive (2 represents the IDE1 port from the hard drive, 3 represents the IDE2 port main hard drive, 4 represents the IDE2 port from the hard disk); The first four partitions (primary and extended) are represented in 1-4, and soft logical partitions start at 5.

24. How do I install Linux?

Each Linux distribution has a very different installation approach, but it typically goes through the following phases:

1 Some basic settings: such as installation language, keyboard;

2 hard disk partition, format: General distribution has provided a graphical interface, if not familiar with the hard disk partition enthusiasts best under the guidance of experts;

3 Select the software package to install: It is recommended to install all the beginners, after the familiar after the customization, lest in the learning process lost this fall;

4 Equipment configuration: such as printers, network cards, graphics, etc., please choose according to the actual situation;

5 Install Lilo: Recommended installed in the main guide fan, using LILO to complete multiple system boot;

6 Set the password for the superuser root of Linux.

You can refer to each type of Linux information to try to install.

25. How to install multiple systems on a hard drive?

Many Linux enthusiasts want to be able to install Linux while retaining windows9x as a system. In order to be able to select multiple systems automatically, a boot manager is needed, and Linux has a good boot manager---lilo.

So when you install multiple systems, you only need to install other systems, install Linux, and install Lilo on the main boot fan so that when you restart the system, you will have Lilo: Waiting for you to select the system you want to start.

26. How do I configure the Linux boot manager lilo?

Modify the/etc/lilo.conf file as needed, and then perform the/sbin/lilo for the settings to take effect. The following is an example of a lilo.conf file:

Boot=/dev/hda

Map=/boot/map

install=/boot/boot.b

Prompt

Timeout=50

Default=linux

Image=/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.5-15

Label=linux

Root=/dev/hda1

Initrd=/boot/initrd-2.2.5-15.img

Read-only

Other=/dev/hda2

Label=windows

Where timeout is used to set the time that Lilo waits for input, which means that if 5 seconds is not selected, enter default;

The default option is used to specify which system is to be started;

The image section is used to specify the startup information for Linux, including the start location, name--linux;

The other section is used to specify other startup information for the system, including the startup location, name.

27. How to start and shut down the system?

Start Linux is very simple, as long as the choice of Linux in Lilo (Input Linux) on it, in the boot process, will write a lot of information to the console, until the user login prompt login:, enter the user name and password can be logged into the system, start the exploration of the Linux world.

When you shut down, you must be aware that you can not turn off the computer power directly, which will destroy the Linux file system, you can use the following command to achieve:

1) Reboot: Execute reboot command or press Ctrl+alt+del key at the same time;

2 shutdown System: Execute shutdown-h now command.

What is the difference between the catalogue under 28.Linux and dos/windows?

Linux's file system is similar to DOS, but it also uses a tree-shaped structure. But the representation of a directory is completely different, Linux uses "/" to represent the root directory, and DOS uses "" to represent the root directory. Here is a list of commonly used directories under Linux for commands:

1 "mkdir directory Name": Set up a catalogue;

2 "RmDir directory name": Delete empty directory;

3 "CD directory Name": Change directory;

Note: There must be a space between the CD and the directory name, such as to the root directory, need "CD/", not "cd/"

4 "pwd": Look at your own directory;

29. How do I make a file on Linux?

You can use the LS-L command to list the details of the directory, which is equivalent to the dos dir command. The output of the LS command is as follows:

Total 2

Drwxr-xr-x 2 Xu User 1024 Mar 0:34 sub1

-rw-r-----L XU User 678 June 1:45 Hodo.txt

The leftmost column is the file/directory permissions, the 3rd column is the main information, the 4th column is the owner's user group, the 5th column is the size of the space, then the date, time, and the last column is the file/directory name. Here are some common documents for the order:

RM: Deleting files more: Browsing files CP: Copying files

30. How do I edit a text file?

You can use VI to edit a file file, which is the most popular word processing tool in the UNIX world, with this editor on almost every UNIX machine.

1 Launch VI: Execute "VI filename", a start VI in the command state, you can enter a variety of VI commands, cannot edit;

2) Save: W, Save the exit: Wq, do not save the exit: q!;

3 Enter Edit Status: insert: I, add: A;

4 Exit Edit Status: Press Esc key;

5 after entering the editing state, editing is much like the DOS edit;

6 There are also some commonly used commands in the command state:

x deletes the character of the cursor;

DD deletes the column in which the cursor resides.

31. After installing Linux, the root directory is a lot of what?

/bin: Store The most commonly used commands;

/boot: Start Linux core files;

/dev: Equipment files;

/ETC: Storage of various configuration files;

/home: Directory of Household heads;

/lib: The most basic dynamic link sharing library;

/MNT: Generally empty, used to temporarily mount other file systems;

/proc: Virtual directory, is the mapping of memory;

/sbin: System administrator commands storage directory;

/usr: The largest directory, save applications and documents;

/usr/x11r6:x-window directory;

/usr/src:linux source code;

/usr/include: System header file;

/usr/lib: Store commonly used dynamic link sharing library, static archives;

/usr/bin,/usr/sbin: This is a supplement to/bin,/sbin;

32. How to install the network card?

You can use root to log in and run netconf to install the NIC. Enter the device name of the NIC, select the module number of the network card, IO address, IRQ interrupt, and so on, then save and exit, execute:/etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart;

If your network card is not listed in the optional Network card module list, you will need to download the driver and then compile it into a module. Finally, complete the installation with the "Insmod module name" command.

33. How to drive D-link DE220 network card?

D-link's DE220 is a cost-effective, plug-and-play ISA network card. But it's because Plug and Play makes it difficult to install it under Linux:

1 in a DOS environment, use a tool in the driver disk of the DE220 network card to set it to non-PNP;

2 to Windows Control Panel to obtain its IO address and interrupt number, in general, IO address is 240, interrupt number is 10;

3 Start Linux, login after the implementation of "netconf", the first network card set to enable, the device name is eth0, the module for the Ne,io address for 0X240,IRQ 10;

4 Save the exit, run/etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart can be.

34. How to drive the D-link DFE530 TX network card?

D-link 530 TX Network card is a cost-effective 10m/100m Adaptive PCI network card, with a broad user base, and then Linux in the Installation Wizard is not listed in the list.

In fact, the General Linux has included the driver of this network card module: TULIP.O, you can directly execute the "Insmod Tulip" to complete the installation of the network card.

35. How to drive the D-link DFE540 TX network card?

If your network card is D-link DFE540 TX, do not select the NIC when installing, otherwise it may cause some unnecessary trouble.

1 Download the latest tulip.c file and copy it to/usr/src/tulip;

2 Execute the following command to compile the build TULIP.O:

#cd/usr/src/tulip

#gcc-dmodversions-dmodule-d__kernel__-wall-wstrict-prototypes-o6-c tulip.c

3) Implementation of Insmod TULIP.O;

4 Execute/etc/rc.d/init.d/network Restart, make the NIC effective.

36. How to drive the davicom 9201 network card?

Davicom 9201 PCI NIC cannot be done directly when installing Linux. In fact, most Linux distributions provide the driver module of this network card---dmfe.o, if your machine is the same card, you can install Linux when the network card configuration, install the boot system, login, execution: "insmod dmfe" command to add the driver module, Then execute "/etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart" on it.

37. How to drive the second network card?

In the Linux system, you can easily use the Configuration tool netconf install the second network card, select the second network card in the netconf, device name: eth1, select its driver module, input IO address and IRQ interrupt number, after the disk exit, execute:

/etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart

38. How to drive a common sound card?

In the Linux system provides a very convenient sound card configuration tool sndconfig, if your sound card is more popular, you can use it to drive your sound card:

1 logging system with root, running/usr/sbin/sndconfig;

2 from the sound card selection list to choose the right sound card, the general sound card can use SoundBlaster;

3 after the election, Sndconfig need you to set up your sound card IO address and IRQ interrupt number, according to your actual choice;

4 The setting is done by pressing the OK button, if you hear the sound of Linus speaking.

39. How to drive YAMAHA719 sound card?

Yamaha719 sound card driver under Linux is very troublesome:

1 recompile core, do not choose SB or SB Pro and the like sound card, select Crystal SOFTWARE ... of chips;

2) Then, reconfigure the sound card, select the CS4XXX option;

3) and then fill in the corresponding I/O address, IRQ Interrupt, DMA can be.

If your sound card is Yamaha 724, please use the OSS to solve it.

40. Common sound card Installer How is OSS used?

OSS is a solution to the Linux sound card difficult to configure the problem of commercial software, it supports most of the Linux distribution

1 Extract the downloaded OSS package osslinux392v-glibc-2212-up.tar.gz:

Tar zxvf osslinux392v-glibc-2212-up.tar.gz

2 in the unlocked directory to execute./oss-install, the program will generally prompt you have installed other sound card module, choose to remove;

3 Next is the process, protocol and a lot of things, accept the protocol installation, using the default installation path can be (/usr/lib/oss);

4 OSS can generally detect most of the sound card, if the actual situation with you, directly in the menu select "Save changes and Exit ..." to complete the setup;

5 You can use the/usr/lib/oss/soundon command to turn on the OSS driver and use/usr/lib/osssoundoff to turn off the OSS driver.

41. Common Sound card installation program Alsa How to use?

alsa,advanced Linux Sound Architecture is a general-purpose PCI sound card solution software that complies with GPL copyright. This software includes RPM and tar two formats, where the RPM format is relatively easy to install, and here is an example of the RPM package.

1) Download the following four files:

alsa-driver-0.4.1d-1.i386.rpm

alsa-lib-0.4.1d-1.i386.rpm

alsa-utils-0.4.1-1.i386.rpm

alsaconf-0.4.1-1.386.rpm

2) Perform the following command to complete the installation:

RPM-IVH alsa-driver-0.4.1d-1.i386.rpm

RPM-IVH alsa-lib-0.4.1d-1.i386.rpm

RPM-IVH alsa-utils-0.4.1-1.i386.rpm

RPM-IVH alsaconf-0.4.1-1.386.rpm

3 and then execute the alsaconf command, select the appropriate sound card type;

4 Reboot the system and execute the command:/usr/doc/alsa-driver/snddvices

42.Linux How to install the modem?

1 in Windows to see where your modem is located on the port;

2 in Linux through direct interaction with the port to use the modem, the corresponding relationship is as follows:

Com1:/dev/cau0 COM2:/DEV/CAU1

COM3:/DEV/CAU2 COM4:/DEV/CAU3

3 Set the maximum speed of modem:

#setserial/dev/cau1 Spd.hi (maximum rate set to 57600bps)

#setserial/dev/cau1 Spd.vhi (maximum rate set to 115200bps)

43. If you dial the Internet via modem?

1 Execute command LN/DEV/MODEM/DEV/CAU1 (according to the actual situation)

2 Create a script: Touch SW, join:

/USR/SBIN/PPPD connect′/usr/sbin/chat″″atdt163 connect″″ogin:username word:password′/dev/modem 38400 Modem defaul Trout

Will username and password with your Internet account and password generation.

3 You can also use the KPPP tools in KDE for easy implementation.

Is there a graphical interface under 44.Linux?

To perfect the graphical interface of the UNIX system, MIT started a X-window development program in 1984, and through more than 10 years of development, X-window this free software has become the de facto standard of the Unix/linux World graphical interface.

X-window is divided into three levels:

1 X-window Bottom base, is the lowest implementation layer;

2) X-server, the middle layer associated with the graphics card;

3 window manager, to achieve the end user interface, such as KDE, GNOME and so on.

45. How to configure X-window?

The so-called configuration X-window is based on the actual equipment of the machine selection x-server. Can be configured by xf86config or graphical interface xconfigure programs.

1 run xconfigure program, and then select the appropriate type of graphics card, if not, you need to download the driver of the video card;

2 Select memory size, and x-server;

3 Select the appropriate resolution, color depth combination

4 after the disk exit, run StartX start X-window.

46. How do I drive Intel i740 graphics?

If your Linux doesn't recognize i740, you can do this:

1) Download the new graphics database and i740 XBF driver:

Xf86config-glibc-1.0.0.i386.tgz and Xfcomi740.tgz

2 Extract the two packages, overwriting the original directory:

Tar xvfz/tmp/xf86config*.tgz

Tar xvfz/tmp/xfcomi740.tgz

3) Implementation of cp/usr/x11r6/bin/xfcom_i740/usr/x11r6/bin/xf86_xbf_i740;

4) Configure with Xf86config: Monitor horizontal scan frequency 6, vertical refresh frequency 2, select 311 (i.e. i740) when the Cacu selection is selected, and graphics server type 5;

5 After the configuration is complete, run STARTX.

47. How do I drive Intel i810 graphics?

Intel Company's two big graphics card i740, i810 all to the Linux fan driver to bring the very small trouble, the Intel company in order to support the Linux with the actual action, specially on the website detailed how to configure the i810 video card in the Linux, you may download the installation instruction and the software to the following website:

48. How to drive Savage4 video card?

1 Download the savage2000 driver;

2 use TAR-XVFZ filename to unlock the driver;

3 after decompression, you can see five files, one of which is XF86_SVGA;

4) Backup/USR/X11R6/BIN/XF86_SVGA, and then copy the new XF86_SVGA to this directory, replace the file;

5) Rerun Xf86config configuration, do not select the video card, when selecting X-server, select 3 (that is, SVGA), and do not detect;

6 after the completion of the Operation STARTX-BPP32, it can be.

49. How to drive Savage3d video card?

1) Download Savage3d graphics driver: SavageX_0_1_4.tar.gz;

2 Extract the program, replace the original file with the new XF86_SVGA/usr/x11r6/bin;

3) Run Xconfigurator, configure the video card to choose unlisted cards, and then select Xserver for SVGA;

4 after completion, run STARTX run X-win.

50. Is there a universal graphics drive method?

Because of the limited support of graphics card manufacturers, driving the graphics card under Linux has always been a problem. To solve this problem, the Linux 2.2.x version offers a new solution---Use the frame buffer device, through the VESA VBE 2.0 standard, using the graphics SVGA features, with XFree86 Xf86_fbdev, drive your graphics card. This can do you a favor.

1 Confirm you have Xf86_fbdev file

2) The implementation of "Mknod/dev/fb0 C 29 0" to establish a frame buffer equipment;

3) Modify/etc/lilo.conf file and add:

Image =/BOOT/VMLINUZ-2.2.5-FB (newly translated kernel)

Label = LINUXFB (starting label, customizable)

root =/dev/hda2 (reference lilo.conf other parts)

VGA = 0x314 (display mode, refer to the table below)

Attached: Display mode table

640x480 800x600 1024x768 1280x1024

256 color 0x301 0x303 0x305 0x307

32k color 0x310 0x313 0x316 0x319

64k color 0x311 0x314 0x317 0x31a

16M color 0x312 0x315 0x318 0x31b

4 Execute the/sbin/lilo, make the configuration effective, then reboot the system to boot the system with the new kernel. Of course, if your kernel is already supported, there is no need to make this change, just add the vga= line.

5 followed by the configuration of frame buffer server: Refer to the VGA configuration in/etc/x11/xf86config, add a screen section, as follows:

Section ' Screen '

Driver "Fbdev"

Device "My video card"

Monitor "MAG xj500t"

Subsection "Display"

Depth 16 (color depth, consistent with the color of the previous selected display mode)

Modes "Default"

ViewPort 0 0

Endsubsection

Endsection

6) point x to Xf6_fbdev:

Cd/etc/x11

MV X X.bat

Ln-snf/usr/x11r6/bin/xf86_fbdev X

51. How to surf the Internet via ISDN?

ISDN is becoming more and more popular, it is fast, cheap and popular with netizens, so how to use ISDN to access the Internet under Linux?

1 confirm that your Linux kernel already contains a support module for ISDN;

2) Drive ISDN card:

For Teles 16.3 ISDN cards that are not Plug and Play, you can use the command:

#modeprobe hisax io=0x180 irq=10 type=3 protocol=2

For plug-and-play, use:

#pnpdump〉/etc/isdn.conf

#isapnp/etc/isdn.conf

#modprobe hisax irq=10 io=0x680 type=14 protocol=2

3 Install Isdn4linux, and then execute the "makedev.sh" script program in the Scripts directory, add ISDN equipment;

4 Execute echo 1〉/PROC/SYS/NET/IPV4/IP_DYNADDR command to support dynamic IP;

5 then write an ISDN script based on the PPP script.

52. How to use the optical drive under Linux?

1 Create a directory to suspend the CD directory tree:

Mkdir/mnt/cdrom

Of course the directory name can be named according to your own custom;

2 Insert CD, execute "mount-t iso9660/dev/hdc/mnt/floppy" command; note that if your optical drive is connected to the first hard drive line from the disk, you need to change the/DEV/HDC to/dev/hdb;

3 then you can access the disc by accessing the/mnt/cdrom;

4 When you do not use, perform "Umount/mnt/cdrom", and then remove the disc.

53. How to use the floppy drive under Linux?

1) similar to CD-ROM, create floppy directory;

2) After inserting the floppy disk, execute the "mount-t msdos/dev/fd0/mnt/floppy" command, note: If the floppy disk is a long file name format, the previous command in the "Msdos" changed to "VFAT", if the Linux file format, then remove "-t msdos";

3 When you do not use, perform "Umount/mnt/floppy", and then remove the floppy disk.

54. How do I read the contents of non-Linux partitions under Linux?

1 Create a directory: Mkdir/mnt/other

2) Execute "mount-t file system type partition/mnt/other" command;

Note: File system types include: Modos-fat16, Vfat-fat32, Ntfs-ntfs;

The partition refers to the device name of the partition.

3 perform "Umount/mnt/other" when you do not need to use it.