Linux Basics (31-40)

1.MBR Partition Partitioning command

fdisk【选项】
If the fdisk -l current disk information is listed as Representative
Suppose we later added a hard drive that was identified by the system as /dev/sdb but not partitioned, which is displayed doesn‘t contain a valid partition table , we can partition it by the following steps:

Fdisk/dev/sdb# Enter partition mode# Enter M to view the command's Help information# Enter N, which represents add a new partition# now pops up two options, a P (primary partition), an E (extended partition)# input P# option, which requires the input of the partition number, the default is 1, the direct enter# pops the first sector option, That is required to set the starting location of the partition, direct enter, that is, the default # popup Last sector option, that is, the need to set the end of the partition, you can incrementally set the size of this partition, such as +2048m, that is, 2G size # Complete the primary partition add # Enter P, view the added partition # input N, select E, add an extended partition, followed by enter, use the default value *# input n, you can see that there is a primary partition, an extended partition, and then on the extended partition on the logical partition, and the logical partition number can only start from 5, Because 1~4 is for the main partition and the extended partition to use the # input L, add a logical partition, such as Give it 2G# Repeat the steps to add a logical partition, select the size of the time directly enter, the rest of the space to give it full # complete partition, You can see that two logical partitions are in the extended partition # At this point if you want to delete a partition, enter D, the input partition corresponding to the partition number, such as 2, the extended partition is deleted, the logical partition is not there, only the primary partition # Last input W, that is, the actual disk partition

2.swap Partitioning

How do I add a swap partition to my hard disk?

1. Build a common Linux partition
2. Modifying the 16 encoding of a partition type
3. Format swap partition
4. Enable swap partition

fdisk /dev/sbdp # 打印第二块硬盘的分区信息t6 # 选择最后一个分区作为swap分区L # 查看编码列表，82是swap分区编号82p # 再次查看w # 保存mkswap /dev/sdb6 # 格式化swap分区swapon /dev/sdb6 # 启用swap分区free # 查看swap分区启用状况swapoff /dev/sdb6 # 停用swap分区wq # 保存退出

3.vim Editor operating mode three modes

• Command mode-commands mode
• Insert mode-Input mode
• Last lines mode-bottom line mode (tail line, end line)

vim abc# 按I键进入insert modehello world111111222222333333# 按esc键进入last line mode:wq # 保存退出vim abc # 再次进入文件# 连按两下D键删除第一行，这便是command mode，通过命令直接操作

4.vim Editor's command mode

vim abcNavigate to First row
vim + abcNavigate to Tail Line
vim +3 abcNavigate to the third row, the other numbers sequentially, and if the maximum number of rows is exceeded, the cursor is positioned to the tail line
vim +/xxx abcNavigate to the first occurrence of XXX line, by pressing the N key to switch back and forth to locate other XXX lines
vim aa bb ccCreate or open multiple files at once, start with the first file, and enter the other file as you type in the bottom row mode :n , :N or :prev go back to the previous file

5. Find

find .can view all nested files in the current directory
find .|grep .txtUsing pipe breaks
find . -type fJust want to see the file
find . -type dJust want to see the directory
find . -type f -exec ls -l ‘{}‘ ‘;‘Which ‘{}‘ represents the found file
can also be used ack , from beyondgrep.com , specific use seehappycasts.net/episodes/26

6. Scripting Specifies the parser

If the first line #!/usr/bin/env bash of the script specifies bash as the parser, you can also change bash to Python, Ruby, etc.

Statement is a command, a command is a statement

Terminal
$echo "hello"
hello
Script
#!/usr/bin/env python
echo "hello"
Script statements are sensitive to whitespace

Position parameters

$Which is the positional parameter
For example $peter.sh a.txt b.txt , the first argument is used, the second one, the $0 $1 third one $2 , and so on

The statements in the script are not executed in the current shell

$ lsbin Desktop happygrep mydir peter.sh$ ls mydir/$ vim peter.sh#!/usr/bin/env bashcd /home/peter/mydirtouch a.txt$ ./peter.sh$ ls mydir/a.txt当前工作目录没有改变，如果将第八行改成source peter.sh，当前目录就会变成脚本所在目录

Loop control

$ ls mydir/
A b C
$ vim rename.sh

!/USR/BIN/ENV Bash

CD $ # corresponds to the first parameter passed in when executing a script
For file in a B C
Do
MV $file $file. txt
Done
$ chmod +x rename.sh
$./rename.sh mydir/
$ ls mydir/
A.txt B.txt C.txt

Remote execution

Executes a script locally that commands in this script work on the server
If you write a script locally mkfile.ssh:
ssh -t [email protected] ‘touch a.txt‘
Execute script:
./mkfile.ssh
This is the equivalent of executing this command for a servertouch a.txt

7. Process view all current processes

ps aux|grep【要查找的内容】
ctrl+shift+cCopy content
ctrl+shift+vPaste Content
Example: vim start vim to ps aux|grep vim see the process number, as 4646, to end the process withkill 4646

Background execution

【程序名】 &The program executes in the background
Using the ctrl+z End program

End Process

kill【选项】
Options such as 9 forcing the kill process
Linux has 7 workstations running at the same time, when the use of the deadlock situation, the ctrl+out+f1 Switch Workbench, here can kill the cause of the process of death, and then ctrl+out+f7 back to the original workbench

8. Software Installation and installation method Ⅰ

Use the unzip command to unzip, then place the program echo $PATH under any path, or use a soft link, such as a ln -s ~/.sublime3/sublime_text ~/bin/subl subl shortcut command name

Installation mode Ⅱ

Unzip and go to the software directory, then do three steps:

1. ./configure
2. make
3. sudo make install

Deb Package Installation "only for Ubuntu system"

Program itself configuration file installation location dependency
HAPPYCASTS.NET/EPISODES/14 will explain how to package the source code as a Deb package
In the directory where Deb is locatedsudo dpkg -i 【包名】.deb
dpkg -lList all the Deb packages on the system

Install from Apt-get Warehouse

sudo apt-get install gitInstall Git
sudo apt-get remove gitDelete git
sudo apt-get purge gitDelete git, and even the configuration files are deleted together
It also has tab completion when installed, and it can automatically handle dependency problems by knocking the TAB key twice.

9. Network operation

As long as it ssh runs, it can be used.rsync
rsync -r mydir happycasts.net:【服务器上的路径】The representative uploads the local directory Mydir to the service
In turn, the rsync -r happycasts.net:【服务器上的路径】mydir. representative downloads the directory on the server to local, and the last . represents the current directory
rsync -r mydir/ happycasts.net:mydir/Can synchronize the corresponding directory of the client and server, note that two can / not save, and the general use -a of parameter substitution -r , -av to print out some useful information
-aCan only synchronize the newly created files on the client, and sometimes the local will also delete some files, need the server also do the corresponding delete, it should rsync -av --delete mydir/ happycasts.net:mydir/ , but this is also risky, generally in the above command after adding one --dry-run , will turn on the verification

10. User and file permissions three kinds of permissions

READ: r ; write: w ; Execute:x

Three types of people

Owner: owner ; user group: group ; other person:world
The actual consideration is whether each type of person has rwx three kinds of authority

Chmod--change file Mode

ls -l a.txt# -rw-rw-r-- 1 peter peter 0 Aug 30 11:57 a.txt# a.txt对world没有写和执行权限chmod rw-rw-rw- a.txt # wrong!chmod 110110110 a.txt # wrong!chmod 666 a.txt # right! 6对110就是二进制转八进制

In fact, you can also chown change the permissions of the user by command, specifically see Billie66 's book "Linux Command Line," chapter tenth--Permissions

Linux Basics (31-40)