Linux Common commands

The processor architecture of the Arch Display Machine (1) UNAME-M display the processor architecture of the Machine (2) uname-r shows the kernel version being used
DMIDECODE-Q Display hardware system components-(SMBIOS/DMI) hdparm-i/dev/hda A list of the architecture features of a disk
HDPARM-TT/DEV/SDA perform a test read operation on disk cat/proc/cpuinfo display information about CPU info
Cat/proc/interrupts Show interrupt cat/proc/meminfo check memory use Cat/proc/swaps show which swap is used cat/proc/version show kernel version Cat/proc/net/dev Display network adapters and statistics
Cat/proc/mounts Displays the loaded file system Lspci-tv A list of PCI devices LSUSB-TV display USB devices
Date Display system date Cal 2007 displays the 2007 Calendar table date 041217002007.00 sets the day and time-the month of the year. Seconds Clock-w saving time changes to the BIOS

Shutdown (System shutdown, restart, and logout)
Shutdown-h now Shutdown system (1) INIT 0 shutdown system (2) Telinit 0 shut down system (3)
Shutdown-h Hours:minutes & Shut down the system at a predetermined time shutdown-c cancel the system at a predetermined time
Shutdown-r now restarts (1) reboot restart (2) Logout logoff

Files and directories
Cd/home Enter '/home ' directory ' CD. Go back to the top level directory CD. /.. Go back to the two level directory CD enter the personal home directory CD ~user1 Enter the personal home directory CD-back to the last directory where PWD displays the work path LS view the files in the directory Ls-f view the files in the directory ls-l display the file and directory details ls-a show hidden text The LS *[0-9]* displays the file name and directory name that contains the numbers. Tree display files and directories starting with the root directory (1) Lstree Show files and directories tree structure starting with the root directory (2) mkdir dir1 Create a directory called ' Dir1 ' mkdir di R1 DIR2 Create two directories at the same time mkdir-p/tmp/dir1/dir2 create a directory tree rm-f file1 Delete a file called ' File1 '
RmDir dir1 Delete a directory called ' Dir1 ' rm-rf dir1 Delete a directory called ' Dir1 ' and delete its contents at the same time
RM-RF dir1 DIR2 Delete two directories and their contents MV Dir1 new_dir rename/move a directory CP file1 file2 copy a file CP dir/*. Copy all files under a directory to the current working directory Cp-a/tmp/dir1. Copy a directory to the current working directory cp-a dir1 dir2 copy a directory ln-s file1 lnk1 Create a soft link to a file or directory
ln file1 lnk1 Create a physical link to a file or directory touch-t 0712250000 file1 Modify the timestamp of a file or directory-(YYMMDDHHMM) file file1 outputs the MIME type of The file as text iconv-l lists the known encodings iconv-f fromencoding-t toencoding inputfile > OutputFile creates a new from the GIV En input file by assuming it was encoded in fromencoding and converting it to toencoding. Find. -maxdepth 1-name *.jpg-print-exec Convert "{}"-resize 80x60 "thumbs/{}" \; Batch resize files in the current directory and send them to a thumbnails directory (requires convert from Imagemagick)

File search Find/-name file1 starting from '/' into the root filesystem search for files and directories
Find/-user User1 search for files and directories belonging to user ' User1 ' find/home/user1-name \*.bin search for files with '. bin ' in directory '/Home/user1 ' Find/usr/bin -type f-atime +100 Search for executable files that have not been used in the last 100 days find/usr/bin-type f-mtime-10 search for files created or modified within 10 days
Find/-name \*.rpm-exec chmod 755 ' {} '; Search for files ending with '. RPM ' and define their permissions find/-xdev-name \*.rpm search for files ending with '. RPM ', ignoring the removable devices such as optical drives, locate \*.ps looking for files ending with '. ps '-run ' update first ' DB ' command Whereis halt displays the location of a binary file, source code, or man which halt displays the full path of a binary or executable file

mount a file system mount/dev/hda2/mnt/hda2 mount a disk called hda2-ok directory '/mnt/hda2 ' already exists umount/dev/hda2 uninstall a disk called Hda2-first from Mount point '/mnt/hda2 ' Exit Fuser-km/mnt/hda2 when the device is busy forcing the unload Umount-n/mnt/hda2 run the unload operation without writing to the/etc/mtab file-very useful when the file is read-only or when the disk is full Mount/dev/fd0/mnt/flo Ppy mount a floppy disk
Mount/dev/cdrom/mnt/cdrom mount a CDROM or dvdrom Mount/dev/hdc/mnt/cdrecorder mount a CDRW or dvdrom mount/dev/hdb/mnt/ Cdrecorder mount a CDRW or dvdrom Mount-o loop file.iso/mnt/cdrom mount a file or ISO image file mount-t vfat/dev/hda5/mnt/hda5 mount a Windows FAT32 file System Mount/dev/sda1/mnt/usbdisk mount a USB disc or flash device mount-t smbfs-o username=user,password=pass//winclient/share/mn T/share to mount a Windows network share

Disk space Df-h Displays the list of partitions that have been mounted LS-LSR |more to arrange files and directories in size du-sh dir1 estimate directory ' Dir1 ' already used disk space ' Du-sk * | SORT-RN displays the size of the file and directory according to capacity rpm-q-a--qf '%10{size}t%{name}n ' | SORT-K1,1N the space used by the installed RPM package, based on size (Fedora, Redhat class System)
Dpkg-query-w-f= ' ${installed-size;10}t${package}n ' | SORT-K1,1N Displays the space used by the installed Deb package based on size (Ubuntu, Debian System)
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Users and Groups
Groupadd group_name Create a new user group Groupdel group_name Delete a user group Groupmod-n new_group_name old_group_name Rename a user group useradd-c "Na Me Surname "-G admin-d/home/user1-s/bin/bash user1 Create a user belonging to the" admin "user group Useradd user1 create a new user Userdel-r user1 delete a ('-R ' exclude home directory) usermod-c "User FTP"-G system-d/ftp/user1-s/bin/nologin user1 Modify users Properties passwd Modify password passwd user1 modify a user Password (root only) chage-e 2005-12-31 user1 set the expiration period of the user password Pwck check the file format and syntax correction of '/etc/passwd ' and the file format of the user grpck check '/etc/passwd '. and syntax corrections and the presence of groups
Newgrp group_name Log in to a new group to change the preset group of newly created files
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File permissions-use "+" to set permissions, use "-" to suppress LS-LH display permissions Ls/tmp | Pr-t5-w$columns the terminal into 5 column display
chmod ugo+rwx Directory1 Set directory owner (U), Group (g), and others (O) to read (R), write (w), and execute (x) permissions
chmod go-rwx directory1 Delete Group (g) Read and write execution permissions to the directory with others (O) chown user1 file1 Change the Owner property of a file Chown-r user1 directory1 Change the owner property of a directory and change Change the properties of all files in the directory
CHGRP group1 file1 Change a file's group Chown user1:group1 File1 Change the owner and group properties of a file
Find/-perm-u+s lists all files in a system that use SUID control chmod u+s/bin/file1 set a SUID bit of a binary file-the user who runs the file is also given the same permissions as the owner chmod u-s/bin/file 1 Disabling the SUID bit for a binary file
chmod G+s/home/public sets the SGID bit of a directory-similar to suid, but this is for the directory chmod g-s/home/public Disable a directory SGID bit chmod o+t/home/public set a STIKY bit of file-allows only legitimate owners to delete files chmod o-t/home/public disable STIKY bit of a directory
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Special properties of the file-use "+" to set permissions, use "-" to cancel Chattr +a file1 only allow append to read and write files
Chattr +c File1 allows this file to be automatically compressed/decompressed by the kernel chattr +d file1 in the file system backup, the DUMP program will ignore the file chattr +i file1 set as immutable files, cannot be deleted, modified, renamed or linked
Chattr +s File1 allows a file to be safely deleted chattr +s File1 Once the application writes to the file, the system immediately writes the modified result to the disk chattr +u file1 If the file is deleted, the system will allow you to recover the deleted file later.
Lsattr Displaying special properties
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Package and Compress files Bunzip2 file1.bz2 extract a file called ' file1.bz2 ' bzip2 file1 compress a file called ' file1 ' gunzip file1.gz unzip a file called ' file1.gz ' gzip f Ile1 compresses a file called ' file1 ' gzip-9 file1 maximum compression rar A File1.rar test_file create a package called ' File1.rar ' rar a file1.rar file1 file2 di R1 simultaneously compresses ' file1 ', ' file2 ' as well as directory ' Dir1 ' rar x file1.rar decompression rar package Unrar x file1.rar unzip rar package TAR-CVF Archive.tar file1 Create a non-compressed t Arball tar-cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1 Create an archive containing ' file1 ', ' file2 ' and ' Dir1 ' TAR-TF archive.tar Show content in a package TAR-XV F Archive.tar Release a package TAR-XVF ARCHIVE.TAR-C/TMP Release the compressed package to the/tmp directory TAR-CVFJ archive.tar.bz2 dir1 Create a BZIP2-formatted compression package TAR-XVFJ ARCHIVE.TAR.BZ2 unzip a bzip2 format compressed package TAR-CVFZ archive.tar.gz Dir1 Create an gzip compressed package TAR-XVFZ archive.tar.gz Unzip an gzip compressed package zip F Ile1.zip file1 Create a zip-format compression package zip-r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1 several files and directories simultaneously into a zip-format compressed package unzip File1.zip unzip a zip-format tarball
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RPM Packages-(Fedora, Redhat and similar systems) RPM-IVH package.rpm Install an RPM package RPM-IVH--nodeeps package.rpm Install an RPM package and ignore dependency warnings rpm-u Packag e.rpm update a RPM package but do not change its profile rpm-f package.rpm update one to determine which RPM package has been installed Rpm-e package_name.rpm remove an RPM package Rpm-qa display all installed RPM packages in the system RPM- QA | grep httpd shows all RPM packages with the words "httpd" in their names Rpm-qi package_name get special information about an installed package RPM-QG "System environment/daemons" to display RPM packages for a component R PM-QL Package_name displays a list of files provided by an already installed RPM package RPM-QC Package_name shows a list of profiles provided by an installed RPM package rpm-q package_name--whatrequires display A list of dependencies that exist with a RPM package rpm-q package_name--whatprovides shows the volume of an RPM package rpm-q package_name--scripts shows scripts executed during installation/removal L
Rpm-q package_name--changelog shows the modification history of a RPM package rpm-qf/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf verify which RPM package is provided by the given file Rpm-qp package.rpm-l Displays a list of files provided by an unused RPM package rpm--import/media/cdrom/rpm-gpg-key Import Public key digital certificate rpm--CHECKSIG package.rpm confirm the integrity of an RPM package Rpm-qa gpg- PubKey confirm the integrity of all RPM packages that have been installed
Rpm-v package_name Check file size, license, type, owner, group, MD5 check, and last modified time Rpm-va check all installed RPM packages in the system-use RPM-VP package.rpm to confirm that an RPM package is not installed RPM2 Cpio package.rpm | Cpio--extract--make-directories *bin* Run executable file from an RPM package rpm-ivh/usr/src/redhat/rpms/' arch '/package.rpm Install a built-in package from a RPM source Rpmbuild--rebuild package_name.src.rpm build an RPM package from a RPM source
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Yum Package Upgrade-(Fedora, Redhat and similar systems) yum install package_name download and install a RPM package Yum Localinstall package_name.rpm will install an RPM package using your own Software warehouse for you to resolve all dependencies Yum Update package_name.rpm updates all installed RPM packages in the current system Yum Update package_name update an RPM package yum remove Package_name Delete an R PM Package Yum list lists all packages installed in the current system Yum Search Package_name Search package in rpm repository Yum clean packages cleanup RPM Cache Delete downloaded package Yum Clear headers Delete all header files Yum Clean all deletes all cached packages and header files
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Deb Package (Debian, Ubuntu and similar systems) dpkg-i package.deb Install/update a deb package dpkg-r package_name remove a deb package from the system dpkg-l display all installed de in the system B-Pack Dpkg-l | grep httpd displays all of the Deb packages with the words "httpd" in their names dpkg-s package_name get information on a special package already installed in the system
Dpkg-l Package_name displays a list of files provided by a Deb package that is already installed in the system dpkg--contents Package.deb shows a list of files provided by a package that has not yet been installed Dpkg-s/bin/ping confirm which file is given The Deb package provides
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APT software tools (Debian, Ubuntu and similar systems) apt-get install Package_name installs/updates a Deb package apt-cdrom install Package_name from CD installation/update a Deb Package
Apt-get Update upgrade List of packages Apt-get upgrade upgrade all installed software apt-get remove package_name Delete a Deb package from the system Apt-get check confirm that the dependent repositories are correct apt- Get clean clears the cache from the downloaded package Apt-cache search Searched-package Returns the package name that contains the string you want to search
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View the contents of a file cat file1 the contents of the file from the first byte to view the content of the files. Tac File1 View the contents of a file in reverse from the last line more file1 view the contents of a long file less file1 similar to the ' more ' command, but it allows in the file and the positive Reverse operation to the same head-2 File1 view the first two lines of a file Tail-2 file1 view the last two lines of a file tail-f/var/log/messages real-time view of what was added to a file
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Text processing cat file1 file2 ... | Command <> File1_in.txt_or_file1_out.txt general syntax for text manipulation using PIPE, STDIN and STDOUT cat file1 | Command (SED, grep, awk, grep, etc ...) > Result.txt Merge the detailed description text of a file and write the introduction to a new file in Cat File1 | Command (SED, grep, awk, grep, etc ...) >> Result.txt Merge The detailed description text of a file and write an introduction to an existing file in grep aug/var/log/messages in file '/V Ar/log/messages ' Find the keyword "^aug/var/log/messages" grep in the file '/var/log/messages ' to find the word grep starting with "" [0-9]/var/log/ Messages selects all rows in the '/var/log/messages ' file that contain numbers, grep aug-r/var/log/* searches the directory '/var/log ' and the subsequent directories for the string "the" "The" "The" "The" sed "s/stringa1/string A2/g ' example.txt Replace "string1" in Example.txt file with "string2" sed '/^$/d ' example.txt remove all blank lines from example.txt file sed '/*#/d; /^$/d ' Example.txt Remove all comments and blank lines from the Example.txt file echo ' Esempio ' | TR ' [: Lower:] ' [: Upper:] ' merge up and down cell contents sed-e ' 1d ' result.txt exclude first line from file Example.txt sed-n '/stringa1/p ' view rows containing only the word "string1" Sed-e ' s/*$//' example.txt remove the last white space character from each line
Sed-e ' s/stringa1//g ' example.txt only removes the word "string1" from the document and retains all remaining sed-n ' 1,5p;5q ' example.txt view the contents from the first line to the 5th line Sed-n ' 5p;5q ' ex Ample.txt View line 5th sed-e ' s/00*/0/g ' example.txt replace multiple 0 cat-n file1 with a single 0 number of lines in the file Cat Example.txt | awk ' nr%2==1 ' deletes all even lines in the Example.txt file echo a b C | awk ' {print '} ' view one row first column echo a b C | awk ' {print $1,$3} ' view the first and third columns of a row paste file1 file2 merge two files or two columns of content paste-d ' + ' file1 file2 merge two files or two columns of content, with "+" in the middle to distinguish sort file1 f Ile2 sort the contents of two files sort file1 file2 | Uniq Remove the set of two files (duplicate lines retain only one copy) sort file1 file2 | Uniq-u Delete intersection, leave other lines sort file1 file2 | Uniq-d Remove the intersection of two files (leaving only the files that exist in two files) comm-1 file1 file2 Compare the contents of two files delete only the contents of ' File1 '
Comm-2 file1 file2 Compare the contents of two files delete only the contents of ' File2 ' comm-3 file1 file2 Compare the contents of two files delete only two files in common
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Character settings and file format conversion Dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt Convert a text file format from Msdos to UNIX Unix2dos fileunix.txt Converts the format of a text file from UNIX to Msdos Recode. HTML < page.txt > page.html Convert a text file to HTML Recode-l | More Show all allowable conversion formats
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File system Analysis Badblocks-v/dev/hda1 check for bad blocks on disk hda1 fsck/dev/hda1 repair/Check the integrity of the Linux file system on HDA1 disk FSCK.EXT2/DEV/HDA1 repair/ Check the integrity of the Ext2 file system on the HDA1 disk
E2FSCK/DEV/HDA1 Repair/Check the integrity of ext2 file system on HDA1 disk e2fsck-j/dev/hda1 Repair/Check hda1 file system integrity ext3 repair/ Check the integrity of the Ext3 file system on the HDA1 disk
FSCK.VFAT/DEV/HDA1 Repair/Check the integrity of the FAT file system on the HDA1 disk FSCK.MSDOS/DEV/HDA1 repair/Check the integrity of the DOS file system on the HDA1 disk DOSFSCK/DEV/HDA1 repair/ Check the integrity of the DOS file system on the HDA1 disk
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Initialize a file system mkfs/dev/hda1 create a file system on the HDA1 partition mke2fs/dev/hda1 create a Linux ext2 file system in the HDA1 partition mke2fs-j/dev/hda1 create a Linux in the HDA1 partition Ext3 (journaled) file system mkfs-t VFAT 32-f/dev/hda1 Create a FAT32 file system fdformat-n/dev/fd0 format a floppy disk Mkswap/dev/hda3 create a swap file system
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Swap file system Mkswap/dev/hda3 Create a swap file system Swapon/dev/hda3 enable a new swap file system SWAPON/DEV/HDA2/DEV/HDB3 enable two swap partitions
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Backup Dump-0aj-f/tmp/home0.bak/home make a full backup of the '/home ' directory Dump-1aj-f/tmp/home0.bak/home make an interactive backup of the '/home ' directory restore -if/tmp/home0.bak Restore an interactive backup RSYNC-ROGPAV--delete/home/tmp the directories on both sides rsync-rogpav-e SSH--delete/home ip_address:/tmp Via SSH channel rsync rsync-az-e ssh--delete ip_addr:/home/public/home/local A remote directory to the local directory via SSH and compression rsync-az-e ssh--delete /home/local ip_addr:/home/public Synchronizing local directories to remote directory dd bs=1m If=/dev/hda via SSH and compression | gzip | SSH [email protected]_addr ' dd of=hda.gz ' performs a backup of the local disk operation on the remote host via SSH DD IF=/DEV/SDA of=/tmp/file1 backup disk contents to a file Tar- Puf Backup.tar/home/user performs an interactive backup operation on the '/home/user ' directory (cd/tmp/local/&& tar c.) | ssh-c [email protected]_addr ' cd/home/share/&& tar x-p ' Copy a directory content (Tar c/home) from the remote directory via SSH | ssh-c [email protected]_addr ' cd/home/backup-home && tar x-p ' copy a local directory in the remote directory via SSH, Tar CF-. | (cd/tmp/backup; tar xf-) copy a directory locally to another place, leaving the original permissions and links find/home/user1-name ' *.txt ' | Xargs Cp-av--target-directory=/home/backup/--parents Find and copy all files ending with '. txt ' to another directory from a directory find/var/log-name ' *.log ' | Tar CV--files-from=-| bzip2 > log.tar.bz2 Find all files ending with '. Log ' and make a bZIP package dd If=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1 do an MBR (Master Boot Record ) content copied to floppy disk action dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1 restore MBR content from a backup that has been saved to a floppy disk
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Disc cdrecord-v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom-eject blank=fast-force empty a rewritable disc content Mkisofs/dev/cdrom > Cd.iso Create a disc on disk ISO image File Mkisofs/dev/cdrom | Gzip > Cd_iso.gz Create a compressed disc ISO image file on disk mkisofs-j-allow-leading-dots-r-V "Label CD"-iso-level 4-o./cd.iso data_cd Create an ISO image file for a directory cdrecord-v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso burning an ISO image file Gzip-dc cd_iso.gz | Cdrecord Dev=/dev/cdrom-Burn a compressed ISO image file Mount-o loop cd.iso/mnt/iso mount an ISO image file Cd-paranoia-b from one CD to the audio track to the WAV file CD -paranoia--"-3" from a CD to the audio track to the WAV file (parameter-3) Cdrecord--scanbus Scan Bus to identify the SCSI channel DD IF=/DEV/HDC | md5sum Verifying the md5sum encoding of a device, such as a CD
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Network-(Ethernet and WiFi wireless) ifconfig eth0 Displays the configuration of an Ethernet card ifup eth0 enable a ' eth0 ' network device
Ifdown eth0 Disable a ' eth0 ' network device ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 control IP address ifconfig eth0 promisc set ' eth0 ' into promiscuous mode to Sniffer packet (sniffing)
Dhclient eth0 in DHCP mode enable ' eth0 ' route-n Show routing table route add-net 0/0 GW Ip_gateway configura default Gateway rout E add-net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 GW 192.168.1.1 Configure static route to reach network ' 192.168.0.0/16 ' route D El 0/0 GW ip_gateway remove static route echo "1" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward activate IP routing hostname show hos Tname of System host www.example.com lookup hostname to resolve name to IP address and viceversa (1) nslookup www.example.c OM lookup hostname To resolve name to IP address and viceversa (2) IP link Show Show link status of all interfaces Mii-tool Eth0 Show link status of ' eth0 ' Ethtool eth0 Show statistics of network card ' eth0 ' Netstat-tup Show all active network Connections and their PID NETSTAT-TUPL show all network services listening on the system and their PID tcpdump TCP port 8 0 Show All HTTP traffic
Iwlist Scan Show wireless networks Iwconfig eth1 show configuration of a wireless network card hostname show hostname host www.example.com lookup hostname To resolve name to IP address and viceversa nslookup www.example.com lookup hostname to R Esolve name to IP address and viceversa
Whois www.example.com lookup on Whois database
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Microsoft Windows Networks (SAMBA) Nbtscan ip_addr NetBIOS name resolution NMBLOOKUP-A IP_ADDR NetBIOS name resolution SM Bclient-l ip_addr/hostname Show remote shares of a Windows host SMBGET-RR smb://ip_addr/share like wget can download fil Es from a host Windows via SMB
Mount-t Smbfs-o username=user,password=pass//winclient/share/mnt/share mount a Windows network share

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Linux Common commands