Linux Incomplete manual (i) _unix Linux

Introduction to Linux

In August 1991, in Chihu-Finland, a young man named Linus Torvalds released a Unix-like operating system and named it Linux, and put it on the largest FTP site in Finland, so far, a miracle appeared! Since Linux from the outset is a GPL-compliant free software, with good openness, its concise function, open structure, quickly aroused people, especially the university students and researchers attention. They have taken it as the object of study and research, began to carry out in-depth analysis and transformation, take its essence, go to its cedar, and constantly add new features for it. Plus the popularity of the internet, in just a few years, Linux quickly grow up, become a huge user, stable performance, full-featured operating system!

Based on the Deb package structure, the collection of software is very complete.

Here I would like to say, that is the recent emergence of a large number of domestic companies to do the Linux version, generally these editions are good, especially worth introducing is Lenovo's Happylinux, this version of the interface in the installation is simply Windows standard interface, is worth a use. There is now a Linux version called Winlinux2000, this software is a combination of Linux and Windows, and his installation is like installing a normal Windows program, such as running, just click on the Windows Desktop icon can be , is a Linux under Windows. If you just want to try Linux, you can try this stuff. In the "Computer newspaper supporting CD" 2000 second issue.

Linux Installation article
OK, now that you've chosen a Linux version, it's time to start installing. Then you need to back up your important information just in case. You need to have these software ready before you install them, although not without them, but I suggest you use them to help you install, which will save you a lot of effort.

They are: Pqmagic5.0, PowerQuest Bootmagic. The previous software is a hard disk partition magician, with him you can think how to divide the points. The latter is a multiple-system boot program, with which you can easily manage your Windows and Linux boot work. As for the specific use of these two software, please refer to the relevant articles of the computer newspaper.

As for the preparation of hard disk space, in general, if you want to enjoy the full performance of Linux, it should be at least 1.5G of hard disk space for Linux as the primary partition. Linux also needs a swap partition that acts as the win386.swp of Windows, primarily for virtual memory. The size of this swap partition depends on the size of each person's memory, in general, if there is 32m memory, it is recommended that the swap partition is 64m, if there are 64m of memory, the swap partition has sixty or seventy trillion on it, if your memory is greater than 64m, it is not recommended that you use more than 100m hard disk space for swap partitions, Unless you're a professional graphic worker. As long as the average user, take out a 100m hard disk as a swap partition on it.

Because a system consumes more than 100m of hard disk for virtual memory, then that system where there are any performance can be said, may have no response capability! In addition to the installation of their own graphics card, monitor, sound card and other things such as information collection, installation may be used.

The various Linux distributions now support CD-ROM booting directly, so go to your machine's CMOS settings and set the CDROM at the front of the boot sequence to view your motherboard manual to change the boot sequence. If you are using a CDROM that supports the SCSI interface for CD boot, you can also boot with SCSI. You may need to set up the SCSI controller first.

All right, everything's ready, now, I'm going to install the happylinux, and the rest of the versions are similar. By the way, since Linux is not installed as a "Cancel" button for Windows installation, if you encounter an unresolved problem during installation, you can only Quot;ctrl+alt+del to restart the computer to exit the installation.

After starting from CD-ROM, you will enter a Chinese "Welcome to install Happylinux" interface. Pressing the "enter" key will begin the Happylinux installation process. Pressing the ' Delete ' key will enter the Happylinux uninstall process.

installation process

The Happylinux installation process is composed of a concise and convenient Chinese dialog box interface, with online Help, which helps users to install one step at a time. The whole process is divided into three phases: the first phase of installation, the second stage of installation and the system configuration phase.

Here's a step-by-step tutorial on installing happylinux onto your system.

First stage of installation

1, Welcome screen
The installer will display a welcome screen, and you simply have to press ENTER to skip.
2, set the keyboard mapping
The user sets the keyboard layout here, selects the keyboard mapping method, after selecting the setting will automatically join the system setting, if the user wants to change the setting, please use the/usr/sbin/kbdconfig command after installing Happylinux to set. Normal users generally choose to set the US keyboard.
3, choose the installation method
The "Local CD-ROM" installation is the most common installation method. Setup will allow you to confirm the insertion of the Happylinux installation disc, insert the disc and press ENTER to enter the second stage of the installation. If you have a IDE/ATAPI or SCSI CD-ROM drive, and all of your hardware devices are working correctly, the installer automatically finds the Happylinux disc and starts the second phase of the installation. If there is a problem, or if you have a special CDROM drive, the installer will remind you to give you the type of your CDROM drive, and after selecting the correct drive type, go to the second stage of installation.

Install Phase II

Continue after selecting install in the Install Happylinux interface.
4. SCSI Detection
If you install locally cdrom, you must first enter the SCSI configuration dialog box.
If you use a SCSI adapter in your machine and know exactly what type it is, please answer Yes and specify the module you want to load in the Load Module dialog box that pops up, press OK and then the Module selection dialog box appears, where you can enter additional parameters to load the module if you don't know or are unsure , you can select the Automatic detection option. In fact, most SCSI devices can be automatically detected by the system, it is recommended that the first dialog box to select "No" to go directly to the following Disk Settings dialog box.
If you have a SCSI device installed on your system, but you do not have any SCSI devices attached, you will see a warning message.
5. Hard disk partition
If you do not have a Linux primary partition (EXT2) or a Linux swap partition (swap) on your hard disk, the installer will ask you if you want to select an automatic partitioning method. If you choose to use automatic partitioning, you also need to choose whether you want to divide a FAT32 partition, such as "yes", your entire hard drive will be divided into a 128M Linux swap partition and the same size Linux primary partition and FAT32 partition each; Your entire hard drive will be divided into a 128M Linux swap partition and a Linux primary partition. When automatic partitions are complete, the current Disk partitions window is entered. If you choose not to use an automatic partition, you must use the Fdisk or disk Druid tool to manually partition it yourself.

If you already have a Linux primary partition and a Linux swap partition on your hard disk, the installer will tell you that the partitions are found and you can use them directly. If you want to use these partitions directly, select the partition tool in the Selection tool interface, Fdisk, or disk druid, and then click the "End" button in the "Partition Disks" screen to enter the current disk partition window. If you do not want to use these partitions directly, you want to repartition, select the Partition tool in the Select Tools interface, and then click the Edit button on the partition disk partition screen to repartition. It is recommended that you use Pqmagic to separate the Linux partition from the hard drive before you install it.

Here's a quick introduction to some of Fdisk's commands:
Pressing the D key and entering the partition number will delete the corresponding partition.
If you already have a DOS partition on your hard disk, now you need to create your Linux partition, and here is the sequence of commands you need to enter, assuming your hard disk configuration matches the following image:
N (Create a new partition)
P (create primary partition)
2 (second partition)
Now the program asks you for the start sector of the partition and gives a range, please enter the smaller number of sectors in that range.
Now you are asked about the number of sectors that you ended, enter +64m to create a 64M partition (enter a different value if you need a larger swap partition).
T (change partition type)
2 (change the second partition)
Now set the swap partition with the partition ID of 82,linux.
Now repeat the steps above to create partition 3, but enter the maximum possible value when you enter the number of end sectors. And you don't need to change its default ID (Linux partition), which is the root partition you need.
Now you can press the P key to display the current partition settings, the output is as follows:

disk/dev/hda:64 heads, sectors, 975 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 4032 * bytes

Device
Boot
Begin
Start
End
Blocks
Id
System

/dev/hda1
*
1
1
487
981760+
6
DOS 16-bit =32m

/dev/hda2

488
488
520
66528
82
Linux Swap

/dev/hda3

521
521
975
917280
83
Linux native

If the above display is correct, press the W key to write the partition table to the hard drive and exit. You then enter the current disk partition window.

6. Select root partition mount and set file system
In the current Disk partition window, you will see all of the Linux-aware partitions on your hard disk, and you must select and select only one Linux primary partition as your root partition (which will be used/mounted). If you have only one Linux primary partition, you can choose ' OK ' to proceed to the next step.
In this step, you can also set up the file system. This enables you to set all partitions that contain Happylinux-aware file systems, including MS-DOS or Windows partitions, to different parts of the Happylinux file system. The partition you designate will be automatically mounted when the Happylinux system starts. Select the partitions you want to set to press ENTER, and enter the hanging decorations for these partitions. For example, if/DEV/HDA1 is a dos/windows FAT partition, enter/dosc so that when the installation is complete, your system will automatically mount/DEV/HDA1 to the/dosc directory.
In this step, you can also increase the NFS file volume, press the Add NFS key, if you have not configured the network, the installer will ask you if you want to configure now, we recommend that you cancel, and then configure the network, now you will enter NFS server name, NFS file volume path, the NFS volume of the mount point, Also, do you want to automatically mount as writable or read-only at startup (the default is read-only).
Select ' OK ' after completing the setup and proceed to the next installation process.
7. Activate the swap partition
The above window lets you choose which swap partition will be activated to install Happylinux, and requires the format of the swap partition, when the system defaults to not check the bad block, users can generally use the default values. If your hard drive has a bad track, please choose to check the bad block this feature, select the feature will take a long time, the format of the progress bar to indicate progress, please be patient.
8. Search installation files
The installer will spend a certain amount of time searching for the installation file at this stage, please be patient.
9. Format partition
You can now select the Linux primary partition that you want to format. You must format the root (/) partition, as well as the/user and/var partitions (if you have multiple partitions), especially if you are not formatted when upgrading to an older Linux system, which can cause version conflicts.
It is safer to check for bad blocks when formatting, but it can take a lot of time.
If you choose OK, your system will begin to be formatted, which takes a certain amount of time, depending on what you partition and the speed of your system.
10. Select Installation Package
There are three options for selecting a package "typical", "All" and "custom". The first two methods are easy to use and do not require the user to choose the package themselves, and the "customization" approach is flexible. Ordinary home users should choose the default value "typical". Because it's very simple, it doesn't require a user to choose a package, and it includes a rich application, compared to "all", which takes up a smaller hard drive than the "minimum". If you are familiar with Linux, you can also choose "Customize", in which case you can gain maximum flexibility during the installation process.
After you select the packages you want to install, the installer checks the dependencies of these packages, and if the packages you need are not selected, the program lists the unresolved dependencies, giving you the opportunity to resolve them. In the following illustration, if you select the install package to meet Dependencies option, the program automatically adds the required package to the selected package. After you have completed your selections, press ' OK ' to continue, the installer will automatically check the size of the packages you need to install and warn you if there is not enough space left on your hard drive.
11. Record Installation Information
The installer will now remind you to output all the installation records to the file/tmp/install.log, and you can view the file after the installation is complete.
12. Installation package
After the package has been selected, Setup begins to install the Happylinux system, which will take a certain amount of time, depending on the speed of your system's hard drive, CD drive rate, CPU frequency, and "typical" installation typically takes 20-30 minutes. So you can start reading this manual now so that you start using your Happylinux system immediately after the installation is complete.
13, configure the network
This procedure configures the network.
If you are a LAN user and you do not have an NFS installation option, you will now need to configure the network. Otherwise, you only need to maintain your current network configuration or reconfigure your network. When configuring a network, you typically need to manually enter IP information: IP address, netmask, default route, DNS name server. Then select OK. The system will now query the node name and domain name of your machine through DNS. If you do not have a DNS server or register a domain name, you only need to wait for the DNS query to fail back, and then manually enter the domain name and node name.
14, set the root password
The installer then asks you to set a root password for your system with a password of at least six characters. The password you entered does not appear on the screen. You must enter the password two times, and if two inconsistencies are required, the installer will ask you to re-enter it. You should make the password easy to remember, but not easy for others to guess. Your name's pinyin, phone number, birthday, password, root, and 123456 are not good passwords. Good passwords include numbers and uppercase and lowercase letters, and do not include common words in the dictionary: such as I4LTM2. Remember that passwords are case sensitive. Write down this password and keep it in a safe place.

15, the production of bootable floppy disk
The bootable floppy disk to be made, tailored to your system hardware. Can be used to guide your happylinux system. If the lilo in your system is compromised, may cause happylinux to boot, or you do not want to install Lilo on the system, you can boot the system with this customized boot floppy. Select "Yes" if you want to make a bootable floppy disk, select "No" to skip the production process. The Setup program defaults to Yes.
16. Install the boot loader lilo
Lilo is a boot loader that can be used to select Linux,windows when the system is started, or one of the other operating systems.
The next dialog box lets you enter information that needs to be passed to Lilo at startup, usually using the default value. If you are using some SCSI drives, you also need to select the use linear mode quot mode, unless you are clear that you need this parameter, otherwise it is generally recommended that you do not select this option. The most noteworthy is that if your system has more than 64M of memory, the Intel x86 series BIOS will sometimes report to the operating system the largest only 64M memory, in which case you need to inform the system core of your real memory size, otherwise Linux will only use 64M memory, for example, Your system has 128M of memory, you need to enter the following parameters:
mem=127m
Why do we use 127M instead of 128M? Because some systems keep a portion of the memory used to do BIOS or display memory cache. So we reserve 1 m memory to the system. If you enter a parameter that is larger than your real memory, it will cause some serious results, such as a system panic. Now you choose quot, OK "continue."
Now you need to enter the partition you want to start, and the boot identity of your Linux partition will be automatically configured as "Linux." The boot identity of your first DOS or WIN98 FAT32 partition will be automatically configured as "DOS." After selecting a partition with the mouse or keyboard, select the Edit feature to modify the boot identity of the partition, and select the Set as Default feature to set the partition as the default boot partition. Now select OK to continue and the configuration will be written to the hard drive to complete the installation of Lilo.
17, configure the printer
You can now configure the printer, with the default value "No".
If you have a printer and you select Yes, you will have the following options to specify how your printer is connected to your computer.
Local-your printer is connected directly to your computer. When you select this option, you will also need to enter the port to which your printer is connected.
Remote LPD-a printer attached to another UNIX machine, or a printer server connected directly to a network, you also need to enter the remote node name and the queue name of the remote printer when you select this option.
Smb/windows 95/nt-A printer that is shared by Windows 95/98, or Windows NT Server, by Microsoft Windows for Workgroups, you need to enter the node name of the samba printer, the Samba printer IP address, the name of the shared Samba printer, the username that is used to log on to the Samba printer (the Windows Server defaults to guest, the Samba server defaults to nobody), and the password used by the Samba printer, which defaults to none.
Press OK to enter the standard printer options interface.
Standard printer Options-the name of the print queue that the user produces to hold the directory where the staging files are printed.
Configure printer-Select the type of printer you are using. Note that if your printer is a PS printer, you can choose "PostScript Printer".
Special options-depending on the type of printer you choose, for different printers, this step will have different options, in common: the printer supports the paper size, the printer resolution (DPI), if it is a color printer, enter the color depth. If you are an HP printer, you will also need to enter "Fix stair-stepping of Text".
Check your printer configuration-check your settings, if it is incorrect, select back to reset, or select OK to continue.
18. Configure the X Window System
Then the installer will ask you if you want to configure the X service, it is recommended that you choose Yes, otherwise if you choose to install X, the display mode of your graphical interface will be VGA16 after installation.
19. Select the video card
Setup displays a long list of display card types for your choice, please find your display card type in it, and if not, select the last one: the video card type that is not listed.
20. Install additional Packages
If you select Yes in the previous step, some additional packages will be installed, or the installer will skip this step.
21, the second stage of installation completed
Now the second phase of the installation process is complete and will enter the system configuration phase!

System Configuration Phase

22, detect the mouse
Setup will automatically detect the mouse on your system, if it detects a PS/2 mouse or bus mouse, will automatically highlight the appropriate options, if not able to detect your mouse, please manually select the mouse type. If you have a two-button mouse, you can select the button "simulate three keys." Make sure you have the correct mouse type selected and press ENTER to continue.
The USB mouse wheel is not supported on this operating system.
23. Configure Time Zone
Select your time zone, and if you are a Chinese user, you should generally choose the default "PRC" time zone.
24. Select Start Service
This program allows you to configure the system services/daemons that run automatically when the system starts, and first it gives a list of installed system services, some of which are already configured to run automatically by default, and some services still need to be set. The service that is already selected is configured to run automatically. Use the up and down key or mouse to select the process, press the left mouse button click on the leftmost box to select/Remove the service automatically run. Highlight a service and click ' Description ' to display a message box that displays details about the service. The normal user can use the default value and select OK.
25, verify the setting
This procedure selects the default value.
26, monitor settings
Setup now lists a long monitor list. If your monitor appears in the list, select it and press ENTER. Or choose the default settings, the default settings screen refresh rate is more secure but the effect is poor. Otherwise, choose Custom. If you choose Custom, you first need to enter the manufacturer and model of your monitor (if you are not sure, you can not fill it out), and your monitor's bandwidth, vertical and horizontal scan frequency. You can select a predefined setting, or manually enter it, which you can find in the manual of your monitor.
Warning: It is not recommended to select a monitor that is "similar" to your monitor, unless you are sure that the monitor you choose will not exceed the capabilities of your actual monitor. If you do this, you may be able to overclocking your monitor and destroy it.
27. Screen Preparation
You will be asked if you are using automatic detection, and if so, Setup will run the X-probeonly resolution list, remove the display resolution that you do not need, and your xwindow will automatically use the maximum resolution you have selected. If you want to configure screen parameters yourself, select No. Select "No" after the user needs to choose their own display can achieve the resolution, line frequency and field frequency.
28. Configure Memory
Configure how much memory is available to your video card.
29, configure the clock
Select your video card clock, do not know if you want to return directly select the default option.
30. Select display Mode
Now you need to choose the color depth you want, the more color, the better the display effect. Of course, color depth is limited by the size of your video memory. If you choose 16BPP Color (16-bit color per point), the resolution is 1024x768, you need 1024x768 = 786,432 point x 2 bytes/point = 1572864 byte 1.5M memory.
Happylinux KDE desktop environment requires a minimum of 16bpp color depth, or it will overflow color, so if you do not have 2M video memory, you must choose a different window manager. If your display card has 4M or more of display memory, you can choose 16BPP or 24bpp to get the best results.
31. Test x Configuration
Now you can check that your X server is set up correctly before you write to your system configuration. Xwindow will be started using the current configuration. If your configuration is correct, a small dialog box will appear asking if you are OK. If you select No, you will be able to reconfigure your X. You should generally choose the default value "Yes" to continue. Now that your Xwindow system is configured, the installer will write all the configuration to your system. You can reconfigure your Xwindow system by running Xconfigurator as root in text mode after installation. If your configuration is not correct, you can run Xconfigurator to reconfigure after the installation is complete.
32. Choose Login Mode
A small dialog box appears, asking you to choose whether the system will be graphically logged on after Happylinux starts. Happylinux has two ways to sign in:
1 Standard console text mode login
2 through GDM for graphical interface login
It is recommended that new users and inexperienced Linux users choose the default value "Yes" to use the graphical login method and start using the X desktop immediately after logging in. Experienced users are generally willing to log in using text, which is convenient for happylinux users who are primarily used as servers and workstations.
33, Installation and configuration complete
Now that the installation and configuration work is complete, you can remove the disc in the CD drive and press ENTER to restart Happylinux.
34, Start Linux
Now, remove the Happy Linux installation CD from the CD drive and the system will automatically boot from the hard drive.
At this point, Linux has been fully installed complete.