"Linux Shell series--1" Crontab command

Excerpt from: http://www.cnblogs.com/peida/archive/2013/01/08/2850483.html

I. Introduction of Crond

Crond is a daemon that is used to periodically perform certain tasks or wait for certain events under Linux, similar to Scheduled tasks under Windows, when the operating system is installed, the Service tool is installed by default and the Crond process is started automatically. The Crond process periodically checks to see if there is a task to perform and automatically executes the task if there are tasks to perform .

The task scheduling under Linux is divided into two categories, system task scheduling and user task scheduling.

　　System Task Scheduling : The work to be performed by the system periodically, such as writing cache data to hard disk, log cleanup, etc. In the/etc directory there is a crontab file, this is the System Task Scheduler configuration file.

The/etc/crontab file includes the following lines:

[Email protected] ~]# cat/etc/crontab SHELL=/bin/Bashpath=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/Binmailto=""
home=/# Run-PartsWuyi* * * * Root run-parts/etc/cron.hourly - 7* * * Root run-parts/etc/cron.daily A 4* *0Root run-parts/etc/cron.weekly the 4 1* * Root run-parts/etc/Cron.monthly[[email protected]~]#

The first four rows are the environment variables that are used to configure the Crond task to run: The shell variable specifies which shell the system will use, this is bash, the second line of the path variable specifies the path of the system execution command, and the third row The mailto variable specifies that the task execution information for Crond will be emailed to the root user, and if the value of the mailto variable is null, it means that no task execution information is sent to the user, and the home variable in line fourth specifies the home directory to use when executing the command or script. The meaning of line sixth to Nineth is described in detail in the next section. There's not much to say here.

　　User Task Scheduling : Users to perform regular work, such as user data backup, scheduled email reminders and so on. Users can use the Crontab tool to customize their own scheduled tasks. All user-defined crontab files are saved in the/var/spool/cron directory. Its file name is the same as the user name.

　　User permissions File :

Files:/etc/cron.deny

Description: The user listed in this file is not allowed to use the crontab command

Files:/etc/cron.allow

Description: Users listed in this file are allowed to use the crontab command

Files:/var/spool/cron/

Description: Directory of all user crontab files, named after user name

　　What the crontab file means :

In the crontab file created by the user, each line represents a task, each field of each row represents a setting, its format is divided into six fields, the first five is the time setting segment, and the sixth paragraph is the command segment to execute, in the following format:

Minute hour day Month Week command

which

Minute: Represents minutes, which can be any integer from 0 to 59.

Hour: Represents the hour, which can be any integer from 0 to 23.

Day: Represents a date, which can be any integer from 1 to 31.

Month: Represents the month, which can be any integer from 1 to 12.

Week: Represents the day of the week, which can be any integer from 0 to 7, where 0 or 7 represents Sunday.

Command: The commands to execute can be either system commands or script files that you write yourself.

In each of these fields, you can also use the following special characters:

Asterisk (*): represents all possible values, such as the month field if it is an asterisk, the command action is executed monthly after the constraints of other fields are met.

Comma (,): You can specify a list range with a comma-separated value, for example, "1,2,5,7,8,9"

Middle Bar (-): An integer range can be represented by a middle bar between integers, such as "2-6" for "2,3,4,5,6"

Forward slash (/): You can specify the interval frequency of the time with a forward slash, such as "0-23/2", which is performed every two hours. A forward slash can be used with asterisks, such as */10, if used in the minute field, which means that it executes every 10 minutes.

Second, Crond service

Install Crontab:

Yum Install Crontabs

Service Operation Instructions:

// Start the service // Close Service // Restart Service // Reload Configuration

View Crontab Service Status:

Service Crond Status

To start the Crontab service manually:

Service Crond Start

To see if the Crontab service is set to boot, execute the command:

Ntsysv

Add to boot auto start:

 Crond on

Three, crontab command detailed

1. Command format:

crontab [-u user] filecrontab [u user] [-e |-l |-r]

2. Command function:

With the crontab command, we can execute specified system instructions or shell script scripts at a fixed interval of time. The units of the time interval can be any combination of minutes, hours, days, months, weeks, and more. This command is very useful for periodic log analysis or data backup.

3. Command parameters:

-u User: Used to set a user's crontab service, for example, "-u ixdba" means to set IXDBA user's crontab service, this parameter is usually run by the root user.

File:file is the name of the command file, which indicates that file is the Crontab task list and loaded into crontab. If this file is not specified on the command line, the crontab command will accept the commands typed on the standard input (keyboard) and load them into crontab.

-E: Edits the contents of a user's crontab file. If you do not specify a user, the crontab file for the current user is edited.

-L: Displays the contents of a user's crontab file, or displays the contents of the current user's crontab file if no user is specified.

-r: Deletes a user's crontab file from the/var/spool/cron directory and, if no user is specified, deletes the current user's crontab file by default.

-I: Give a confirmation prompt when deleting a user's crontab file.

4. Common methods:

1). Create a new crontab file

The first thing to do before considering submitting a crontab file to the cron process is to set the environment variable editor. The cron process depends on it to determine which editor to use to edit the crontab file. 99% of UNIX and Linux users use VI, and if you do, then you edit the $ home directory. Profile file in which to add such a line:

Editor=vi; Export EDITOR

Then save and exit. You might want to create a file named <user> Cron, where <user> is the user name, for example, Davecron. Add the following to the file.

# (Put your own initials here) echo the date to the console every# 15minutes between 6pm and 6am   0,(+)---'date' >/ Dev/console

Save and exit. Make sure that the previous 5 fields are separated by spaces.

In the example above, the system will output the current time to the console every 1 to 5 minutes. If the system crashes or hangs, you can see at what time the system stopped working at the last displayed time. In some systems, the use of tty1 to represent the console, according to the actual situation of the above example can be modified accordingly. In order to submit the crontab file you just created, you can use this newly created file as a parameter to the cron command:

$ crontab Davecron

Now that the file has been submitted to the Cron process, it will run every 15 minutes.

At the same time, a copy of the newly created file has been placed in the/var/spool/cron directory, and the file name is the user name (that is, Dave).

2). List crontab Files

In order to list crontab files, you can use:

$ crontab-l   0, +--* * */bin/echo '  Date ' > Dev/tty1

You will see something similar to the above. You can use this method to make a backup of the crontab file in the home directory:

$ crontab-l > $HOME/mycron

This way, once the crontab file is accidentally deleted, it can be recovered quickly using the method described in the previous section.

3). Edit the Crontab file

If you want to add, delete, or edit an entry in the Crontab file, and the E D I to r environment variable is set to V I, then you can edit the crontab file with V I, and the corresponding command is:

$ crontab-e

You can modify the Crontab file and exit as you would edit any other file using VI. If you modify some entries or add new entries, Cron makes the necessary integrity checks when you save the file. If one of the fields has a value that exceeds the allowable range, it will prompt you.

When we edit the crontab file, we may not be adding a new entry. For example, add one of the following:

3 1,7, +,A,A, and a month      3 1,7,+,+,"core '-exec rm {} \;

Save and exit now. It is best to add a comment above each entry in the crontab file, so that you can know its function, run time, and, more importantly, what user's job it is.

Now let's use the previous crontab-l command to list all of its information:

$ crontab-L # (Crondave installed on Tue4  -: -: + 1999) # Dt:ech The date to the console every -minites0, the, -, $  -- .* * * */bin/echo ' date ' >/dev/tty1 # dt:delete Core Files,at3.30am on1,7, -, +, -, -Days of each month - 3 1,7, -, +, -* */bin/find-name"Core '-exec rm {} \;

4). Delete the crontab file

To delete a crontab file, you can use:

$ crontab-r

5). Recover the Lost crontab file

If you accidentally delete the crontab file, assuming you have a backup in your own $ H O M directory, you can copy it to/var/spool/cron/<username>, where <username> is the user name. If the copy cannot be completed due to a permissions issue, you can use:

$ crontab <filename>

Where,<filename> is the file name of your copy in the $home directory.

I recommend that you save a copy of the file in your $home directory. I have had a similar experience, several times accidentally deleted the crontab file (because the R key is close to the E key to the right). This is why some system documentation does not recommend editing the crontab file directly, but instead edits a copy of the file and then resubmit the new file.

Some variants of crontab are somewhat bizarre, so be careful when using the crontab command. If you omit any of the options, crontab may open an empty file, or it might look like an empty file. Then hit the delete key to exit, do not press <ctrl-d>, otherwise you will lose the crontab file.

5. Working with instances

Example 1: The command command executes every 1 minutes:* * * * *Command Instance 2: the 3rd and 15 minutes of the hour are executed:3, the* * * *Command Instance 3: Execute commands at 3rd and 15 minutes from 8 o'clock in the morning to 11:3, the 8- One* * *Command Example 4: Every two days from 8 o'clock in the morning to 11 points in the 3rd and 15 minutes of the execution of the commands:3, the 8- One*/2* *Command Instance 5: Every Monday from 8 o'clock in the morning to 11 in the 3rd and 15 minutes execution of commands:3, the 8- One* *1Command instance 6:21:30 restart SMB command per night: -  +* * * */etc/init.d/SMB Restart Instance 7:1 per month,Ten, the 4:45 restart SMB command on 22nd: $ 4 1,Ten, A* */etc/init.d/SMB Restart Instance 8:1:10 restart SMB command per Saturday, Sunday:Ten 1* *6,0/etc/init.d/SMB Restart Instance 9: The SMB command restarts every 30 minutes from 18:00 to 23:00 every day:0, -  -- at* * * */etc/init.d/SMB Restart Instance 10: Every Saturday night:xxpm Restart SMB command:0  at* *6/etc/init.d/SMB Restart Instance 11: Restart SMB command every hour:* */1* * * */etc/init.d/SMB Restart Instance 12: From 11 o'clock to 7 in the morning, restart the SMB command every hour:* at-7/1* * * */etc/init.d/SMB Restart Instance 13:4th per month with 11-point restart SMB command from Monday to Wednesday:0  One 4* mon-wed/etc/init.d/SMB Restart Instance 14: January 1 4-point restart SMB command:0 4 1Jan */etc/init.d/SMB Restart Instance 15: Hourly Execution/etc/script commands in the Cron.hourly directory: on* * * * Root run-parts/etc/cron.hourly Description: Run-parts This parameter, if you remove this parameter, you can write a script name to run, not the directory name.

Iv. Precautions for use

1. Pay attention to the environment variable problem

Sometimes we create a crontab, but this task cannot be executed automatically, but it is not a problem to perform this task manually, which is usually caused by not configuring environment variables in the crontab file.

When defining multiple dispatch tasks in a crontab file, one of the issues that needs special attention is the setting of environment variables, because when we perform a task manually, it is done in the current shell environment, the program can certainly find the environment variable, and the system will not load any environment variables when it automatically executes the task schedule. Therefore, you need to specify all the environment variables that are required for the task to run in the crontab file, so that the system does not have a problem when it executes the Task Scheduler.

Don't assume that Cron knows the special circumstances you need, and it doesn't really know. So you have to make sure that you provide all the necessary path and environment variables in the shelll script, except for some auto-set global variables. So note the following 3 points:

1) Write the global path when the file path is involved in the script;

2) When script execution is used in Java or other environment variables, the environment variables are introduced through the source command, such as:

cat start_cbp.sh#!/bin//etc/profileexport run_conf=/home/d139/conf/platform/cbp/  cbp_jboss.conf/usr/local/jboss-4.0. 5/bin/run.sh-c MeV &

3) When the script is executed manually, but crontab is not executed. At this point, we must boldly suspect that environmental variables are the bane, and can try to directly introduce environmental variables in crontab to solve the problem. Such as:

0 * * * *. /etc/profile;/bin/sh/var/www/java/audit_no_count/bin/restart_audit.sh

2. Take care to clean up the mail log for system users

Each task is scheduled to execute, the system will send the task output information in the form of e-mail to the current system users, so the cumulative, log information will be very large, may affect the normal operation of the system, so it is important to redirect each task.

For example, you can set the following form in the crontab file, ignoring the log output:

0 */3 * * */usr/local/apache2/apachectl restart >/dev/null2>&1 

"/dev/null 2>&1" means that the standard output is redirected to/dev/null and then the standard error is redirected to standard output, and standard errors are redirected to/dev/null because the standard output has been redirected to/dev/null. This will solve the problem of log output.

3. System-level task scheduling and user-level task scheduling

System-level task scheduling is mainly to complete some maintenance operations of the system, user-level task scheduling is mainly to complete the user-defined tasks, you can put the user-level task scheduling to the system-level task scheduling to complete (not recommended), but in turn, the root user's task scheduling operation can be through the "crontab– Uroot–e "To set, you can also write the dispatch task directly to the/etc/crontab file, it should be noted that if you want to define a scheduled restart of the system task, you must put the task into the/etc/crontab file, Even the task of creating a timed restart of the system under the root user is not valid.

4. Other precautions

The newly created cron job will not execute immediately, at least 2 minutes. If you restart Cron, it will be executed immediately.

When the crontab suddenly fails, you can try/etc/init.d/crond restart solve the problem. Or check the log to see if a job has execution/error tail-f/var/log/cron.

Don't run crontab-r. It removes the user's crontab file from the crontab directory (/var/spool/cron). All crontab of the user have been deleted.

In Crontab, the% has a special meaning, indicating the meaning of the line break. If you want to use the words must be escaped \%, such as the frequently used date ' +%y%m%d ' in the crontab will not be executed, should be replaced by the date ' +\%y\%m\%d '.

"Linux Shell series--1" Crontab command