Research on the development history of Gnu/Linux and the development history of gnulinux

Research on the development history of Gnu/Linux and the development history of gnulinux

1. gnu/Linux is a UNIX-like Operating System Based on POSIX and UNIX. the Network-centric UNIX design concept is a stable multi-user network operating system.

Linus Torvalds released the first Linux announcement in the usenet comp. OS. minix news group in October 5, 1991.

Basic Ideas: 1. Everything is a file 2. Every software has a definite purpose

2. Desktop Environment

GNOME: Building a more modern desktop look after separation with the traditional UI Gnome Shell is known for its simplicity

KED: a network-transparent modern desktop environment for UNIX and Linux workstations

UNITY: runs on the Gnome desktop and uses all the kernels of the Gnome application.

LXDE: a free desktop environment can run on UNIX, POSIX, and other compatible platforms.

XFCE: a desktop environment running on UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems

MATE: is the default desktop environment for many popular releases.

Cinnamon:

Deepin:

Budgie Desktop:

Note:

UNIX operating system:

Features: a multi-user multi-task time-sharing operating system supports multiple processor architectures.

The UNIX system structure is divided into the operating system kernel system calling (for application developers to call system components when developing applications) Applications (all applications are provided to users under Shell management and control)

Most of them are written in C language, which makes the system easy to read, modify, and transplant.

The powerful and programmable Shell language is provided as a user interface with simple and efficient features.

Tree-like directory structure with good security, confidentiality, and maintainability

The memory management mechanism for process SWAp and the storage method for page adjustment are used to implement virtual memory management, which greatly improves the memory usage efficiency.

Provides a variety of communication mechanisms, such as: Soft Interrupt communication, message communication, shared storage, communication signal, Communication

UNIX-like operating system:

AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive): a UNIX operating system developed by IBM

Solaris: a unix-like operating system developed by SUN

HP-Ux: a unix-like operating System developed by Hewlett-Packard Based on System V

IRIX: a UNIX operating System developed by Silicon Valley graphics company Based on System V and BSD extensions

Xenix:

A/UX: (Apple UNIX) UNIX operating system developed by Apple

MINIX Operating System: UNIX-like operating system based on micro-kernel architecture

Minix's most famous student user is Linus Torvalds and developed the original Linux kernel using Minix as a sample.

In terms of design philosophy, Minix adopts the kernel principle while Linux and UNIX both adopt the red Kernel Concept.

GNU program:

Launched by Richard Stallman in September 27, 1983 and founded the Free Software Foundation in 1985

The goal is to create a completely free operating system, GNU

GNU Core Spirit: freedom and sharing

GNU (GNU's Not Unix) General Public License (GNU General Public License) is abbreviated as GPL

POSIX: portable Operating System Interface POSIX standard definition the interface standard that the operating system should provide for applications is the general term of a series of API standards defined by IEEE for various software running on UNIX, officially referred to as IEEE 1003 International standard name: ISO/IEC 9945.

3. directory structure in Linux

1. The/bin binary executable command directory contains the commands required for boot or the commands required by common users.

2./boot

3./dev special file directory for storing device files, that is, device drivers

/Dev/console

/Dev/hdide

/Dev/sdscsi

/Dev/fd

/Dev/stscsi

/Dev/tty

/Dev/pty

/Dev/stty

/Dev/null

4./etc system management and configuration file directory to store various system configuration files

/Etc/rc

/Etc/passwd

/Etc/fdprm

/Etc/fstab

/Etc/group

/Etc/inittab

/Etc/issue

/Etc/magic

/Etc/motd

/Etc/mtab

/Etc/shadow

/Etc/login. defs

/Etc/printcap

/Etc/profile

/Etc/secerutty

/Etc/shells

/Etc/termcap

5./home

6./lib standard programming library or dynamic link shared library directory is the shared library required by the Program on the root file system to store the shared files required for the root file system program to run

7./media

8./The mnt user temporarily hangs on other file systems

9./opt stores optional programs

10./root system administrator's home directory

11. /sbin system management commands store the management programs used by the system administrator. most of the files stored in binary files are basic system programs used by the system administrator. Common users can use them when necessary and allowed, but are generally not used by common users.

12/tmp shared temporary file storage point

13./usr (unix software resource) Abbreviation

/Usr/X11R6

/Usr/bin

/Usr/sbin

/Usr/doc

/Usr/indude

/Usr/locol

/Usr/lib

/Usr/man

/Usr/src

/Usr/locol/bin

/Usr/locol/lib

14./var data to be changed during normal operation

/Var/catman

/Var/lib

/Var/locolhttp: // I .cnblogs.com/EditPosts.aspx? Postid = 5406476

/Var/lock

/Var/log

/Var/run

/Var/spool

/Var/tmp

15./proc is a pseudo file system. It does not exist on a disk but is generated by the core in the memory to provide information about the system.

/Proc/x

/Proc/cpuinfo

/Proc/devices

/Proc/dma

/Proc/filesystems

/Proc/interrupts

/Proc/ioports

/Proc/kcore

/Proc/kmsg

/Proc/ksyms

/Proc/loadavg

/Proc/meminfo

/Proc/modules

/Proc/net

/Proc/self

/Proc/stat

/Proc/uptime

/Proc/version

4. In-depth Analysis

1. What is the difference between open-source software and free software?