Suggestions for system learning at Linux11

Author: With the expansion of Linux applications, Cao Jianghua many friends began to contact Linux. based on Windwos learning experience, they often felt a bit confused: I do not know where to start learning. Here are some suggestions for learning Linux. I. starting from the basics: some friends often ask some questions on Linux Forums. However, most of them

Author: Cao Jianghua

With the expansion of Linux applications, many friends have started to ACCESS Linux. based on Windwos learning experience, they often feel a bit confused: they do not know where to start learning. Here are some suggestions for learning Linux.

I. starting from the basics:
Some friends often ask some questions on the Linux Forum. However, most of the questions are very basic. For example, when I use a command, the system tells me that I cannot find the directory and how to restrict user permissions. these problems are not very difficult, after understanding the basics of Linux, you can easily solve this problem. Some friends often want to build a website when they come into contact with Linux. they have no idea how to understand the basics of Linux. This is quite difficult.
2. Linux commands must be learned
Although Linux desktop applications develop rapidly, commands still have a strong vitality in Linux. Linux is an operating system composed of command lines. its essence lies in the command line. The principle of the graphic interface remains unchanged no matter what level it develops. Linux commands have many powerful functions: from simple disk operations, file access, to the creation of complex multimedia images and streaming media files. For example, if you look at the man document using the common Linux command find, beginners will surely feel that it is too complicated to use it, but once you learn it, you will never let it go. its functions are too powerful. in combination with exec parameters or redirection to xargs commands and grep commands through pipelines, it can perform very complex operations. if the same operation is done using a graphical interface tool, i'm afraid it will take more than a dozen minutes.
The number of Linux commands in different versions is different. here, I will introduce the most important and frequently used commands in the system into several sections, with these basic commands, we can further understand the Linux system:
Installation and logon commands: login, shutdown, halt, reboot, mount, umount, chsh
File processing commands: file, mkdir, grep, dd, find, mv, ls, diff, cat, ln
System management commands: df, top, free, quota, at, lp, adduser, groupadd kill, crontab, tar, unzip, gunzip, and last
Network Operation Commands: ifconfig, ip, ping, netstat, telnet, ftp, route, rlogin rcp, finger, mail, nslookup
System Security commands: passwd, su, umask, chgrp, chmod, chown, chattr, sudo, pswho

3. select a good tool book
Tool books are very important for learners. A tool book with incorrect ideas will lead new users astray. At present, there are a lot of domestic books on Linux, but the quality is not much, the author strongly recommended to read the photocopy of the "OReilly original Linux book http://www.oreilly.com.cn/", and the press also provides a very good road map: the http://www.oreilly.com.cn/guide/guide_linux.php is shown in figure-1.

4. select a suitable Linux release version

At present, there are more than 1 hundred Linux releases worldwide, and more than a dozen common versions can be found in China. Redhat Linux and Debian Linux are ideal for network administrators based on your needs and capabilities. For readers who are not very good at English, the Chinese versions such as red-flag Linux and winning Linux are more suitable. Currently, some Linux websites have some free downloads for Linux versions. what we want to talk about here is that it is not suitable for Linux beginners.

5. develop and work in the command line:
Be sure to develop the habit of working in the command line. you must know that X-window is only an application running in the command line mode. Although the learning progress in the command line is slow at the beginning, after you become familiar with it, your future learning path will grow exponentially. For network administrators, a command line is actually a rule. it is always effective and flexible. Even through a slow modem line, it can manipulate remote systems thousands of kilometers away.

6. select a suitable Linux community;
With the expansion of Linux applications, many Linux communities have emerged. There are some very good communities: www.linuxforum.net (the highest level of GNU site in China), http://www.chinaunix.net/(China's largest Unix technology community), but these forums are often the stage of a Linux master, if you post very basic questions on forums discussing advanced skills, there will often be no results. We recommend the Linux community suitable for beginners:
Linux Eden http://www.linuxeden.com /,
China Linux commune http://www.linuxfans.org/nuke/index.php.

7. diligence in practice:
To increase your Linux skills, you can only implement them through practice. So, find a computer, install a Linux release, and enter the wonderful Linux world. I believe that your Linux capabilities will be greatly improved. In addition, the human brain is not like a computer's hard disk. Unless the hard disk breaks down or the data is erased by you, the stored data will be permanently and immediately stored in the hard disk. In the curve of human memory, you must repeat the exercises to remember one thing. Similarly, the same is true for Linux. if you cannot learn it frequently, you should forget the previous one. After you are familiar with Linux commands, you can start to build a small Linux Network. this is the best practice. Linux is synonymous with the network. Linux's network services are very powerful, including email servers, Web servers, and DNS servers. Of course, you don't need to set up all the services. It should be noted that this Linux network has two or three computers for beginners, one of which is best to install Windows. Do it yourself. Don't wait for someone to help you solve the problem.

7. how to get online help
Different from the private operating system, the technical support time of each Linux release version is short, which is often not enough for Linux beginners. In fact, after you install a complete Linux system, it already contains a powerful help, but you may not have discovered or used them.
1. mainstream Linux distributions all come with very detailed documentation (including the manual page and FAQ), from system installation to system security, detailed documentation for people of different levels, after carefully reading the documentation, you can solve 40% of the problems here.
2. read the classic tool book and Howto, especially Howto, which is a summary of the experience of tens of thousands of Linux and Unix in the world. it is of great reference value. generally, 40% of problems can be solved as well.

8. get help in the Linux Forum
If the above measures do not solve the problem, you need help from the Linux community. Linux users are generally professionals who have a good computer background and are willing to assist others. Linux experts are more interested in encouraging new users. To get help in the Linux community, you must think carefully and prepare your questions, otherwise, you will only get a hasty answer or no answer at all. The more you try to solve the problem before asking for help, the more substantial the help you get. You 'd better first search for any articles you need on the forum. In this way, you can get twice the result with half the effort.
The following is a good question I have seen in the forum: "After installing the red flag 4.0, the dual-join solution provided by the system Ziguang input method is different from my habits. how can I customize the dual-join solution? Thank you ?" This problem is concise. The author gave a solution five minutes later: "First back up the original file to another directory, and then delete/usr/local/unispim/unispimsp. ksc, edit/usr/local/unispim/unispimsp. ini, and then restart the computer to generate a new unispimsp. ksc "In addition, if the problem is solved after receiving a reply, send a description to those who have helped you to let them know how the problem is solved, this supplement helps others search for the complete solution that has helped you in the email list, newsgroup, or forum, which may be useful to them as well.

Let's take a look at an uncertain question: "How to prepare HTTP, FTP, Samba, DNS, DHCP, and Sendmail servers in Linux, thank you. "I think it is difficult for a Linux expert to answer your questions quickly and accurately.

You need to provide accurate and effective information. This does not require you to simply extract a ton of error code or a full dump of data to your question. If you have a large and complex test condition, try to crop it as small as possible. In this case, you may have different answers to a question. in this case, you need to verify it through practice. In addition, it is also an option to ask for help in other Linux communities. If you cannot get the answer, do not think we cannot help you. Sometimes you don't know the answer to your question. Changing a community is a good choice.

In addition, you must pay attention to certain etiquette when asking questions. The Linux community is a loose organization and does not assume the obligation to reply to each post. It is not technical support.

9. learn Linux with Unix thinking
Linux is designed with reference to the idea of Unix. to understand Linux, you must follow the thinking of Unix. Ideological changes are more useful than temporary technological advances because they help you speed up learning.

10. learn professional English
If you want to study Linux in depth, it is too difficult to understand the document. The best and most comprehensive documents are written in English, and the first technical information released is also written in English. Even non-English people publish technical documents, they are first translated into English and published in international academic journals and networks. When installing a new software, first read README, then INSTALL and then read the FAQ, and finally INSTALL it. in this case, you will know why. If you do not read the instructions, it will be a waste of time to go to the forum to find the answer.

11. Finally, the roadmap for Linux learning:

1. master at least 50 common commands.
2. familiar with Gnome/KDE and other X-windows desktop operations.
3. master the common installation methods of. tgz,. rpm and other software packages.
4. learn to add peripherals and install device drivers (such as NICs)
5. familiar with Grub/Lilo boot and simple repair operations.
6. familiar with Linux file system and directory structure.
7. master vi, gcc, gdb, and other commonly used editors, compilers, and debuggers.
8. understand shell alias, pipeline, I/O redirection, input and output, and shell script programming.
9. learn about networking in Linux.