A brief summary of computer introduction

1, computer hardware five major units:

Including the input unit, the output unit, the Internal CPU control unit, the counting unit, and the main memory;

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Types of 2,CPU:

a), streamlined instruction set (reduced instruction set computer, RISC):

Characteristics:

Micro instruction set is more concise, each instruction running time is very short, the completion of the action is very simple, command execution is better, but to do complex things, it is necessary to do a number of instructions to complete.

Common RISC Micro-instruction set CPU:

Sunrise (Sun) SPARC series:SPARC architecture computers are often used in large workstations in the academic field, including the primary server of the banking financial system, which also has this kind of computer architecture.
IBM's PowerPC Series: For example, the Play station3 (PS3) produced by Sony Corporation is the Cell processor using the PowerPC architecture.

ARM series: each brand mobile phone, PDA, navigation system , network equipment (switches, routers, etc.) are almost all using the ARM architecture of the CPU

b), complex instruction set (Complex instruction set computer, CISC):

Characteristics:

CISC Each small instruction in the micro-instruction set can perform some of the lower-order hardware operations, the number of instructions and complex Miscellaneous, the length of each instruction is not the same. Because of the complexity of instruction execution, each instruction takes a longer time, but each individual order can be handled with more than one job.

Common CISC Micro-instruction set CPU:

x86 architecture CPU developed primarily by AMD and Intelvia

Because the x86 architecture CPUs developed by AMD, Intel, and via are heavily used on personal computers (Personal computer), PCs are often referred to as x86 architectures.

The x86 architecture, developed by Intel before 2003, was upgraded from 8-bit to 16, 32-bit, and later AMD modified the next generation of CPUs to 64-bit, in order to differentiate between the two, so the 64-bit PC CPU is collectively referred to as the x86_64 architecture

The CPU difference of different x86 architectures is mainly the difference of micro instruction set

3, Interface Device:

The most important interface device is the motherboard

Other important devices are:

Storage device: Storage device including hard disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM, tape and so on;

Display device:

Network devices:

4, the operation process:

cpu= Head Melon

Main memory = recorded chunks in the head

Hard drive = memory chunk in the head

Motherboard = Nervous System

Various interface devices = hands, feet, skin, eyes, etc. that the human body communicates with the outside world

Display adapter = image in the head

Power supply = Heart

5, the computer above the usual calculation units (capacity, speed, etc.):

A) Capacity unit:

0/1 of units We call bit 1 Byte = 8 bits

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Generally speaking

File capacity is used in binary mode, so the file size of 1 GBytes is actually: 1024x1024x1024 Bytes

The speed unit is often used in decimal, e.g. 1GHz is the meaning of 1000x1000x1000 Hz.

b) Speed Unit:

The CPU's instruction cycle often uses units such as MHz or GHz, which is actually one of the seconds.

In terms of network transmission, because the network is using bit units,

Therefore, the network is often used in Mbps is Mbits per second, that is, how much per second Mbit

6 Person computer Architecture and Interface devices:

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Intel Chip architecture

The most important chipset on the motherboard is usually divided into two bridges to control the communication of the components, respectively:

(1) North Bridge: Responsible for the link faster CPU, main memory and display adapter components;

(2) South Bridge: Responsible for the slow connection of the peripheral interface, including hard disk, USB, network card, etc.

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AMD Chip architecture

Unlike Intel, where the main memory is directly communicating with the CPU without

AMD to accelerate the communication between the two, so the memory control components integrated into the CPU (Intel and AMD the main difference)

7,CPU:

"FSB" and "octave" of the CPU:

The so-called FSB refers to the speed at which the CPU and external components transmit data.

The multiplier is a multiple of the internal CPU used to speed up the work efficiency, which is the CPU frequency speed.

The so-called overclocking refers to:

A way to change the CPU multiplier or the FSB to a higher frequency through the motherboard's setting function. However, since the CPU multiplier is usually locked at the factory and cannot be modified, the FSB is more frequently overclocked.

32-bit vs. 64-bit:

The bus of North Bridge is called the system bus, because it is the main channel of memory transmission, so the speed is faster.

South Bridge is the so-called input and output (I/O) bus, mainly in contact with hard disk, USB, network card and other interface devices.

North Bridge supported frequencies we call the front-end bus speed (Front Side bus, FSB)

The number of bits per transfer is the bus width

The so-called bus bandwidth is:

"Fsbx Bus width" is the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted per second. The current common bus width is 32/64 bits (bits).

The amount of data that the CPU can process each time is called the word size (word size),

(The computer is 32 or 64 bits based primarily on the size of the word group parsed by this CPU)

8,CPU Rating:

CPUs in Intel Pentium MMX and AMD K6 years are called i586 levels

32-bit CPUs after the Intel Celeron and AMD Athlon (K7) era are called i686 levels

The current 64-bit CPU is collectively referred to as the x86_64 level

9, Memory:

The main memory of a personal computer is the dynamic random access memory, the random access memory, DRAM, which can only be recorded and used when the power is on, and the data disappears after the power outage.

So we also call this RAM a volatile memory.

Dual Channel Design:

Since all of the data must be stored in the main memory, the data width of the main memory is of course the larger the better. But the traditional bus width is generally about 64 bits, in order to increase the width, so the chipset manufacturers will be two main memory together, if a memory up to 64 bits, two memory can reach 128 bits, this is the dual-channel design concept

The relationship between CPU frequency and main memory:

Theoretically, the FSB of the CPU and the main memory should be the same. Because of the technical improvement, the frequency of the two will not be the same, but the FSB should be consistent better

DRAM and SRAM (cache):

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Because the second-tier cache is integrated into the CPU, it is not possible to use DRAM to achieve this frequency speed, which requires the help of static random access memory (L2, SRAM).

Read-only memory (ROM)

The BIOS (Basic Input Output System) program is written to a memory chip on top of the motherboard, and the memory chip can record the data when it is not powered on (read only memory, ROM) ROM is a non-volatile memory

Many of the firmware (firmware) are also written using ROM for software. Firmware, like software, is a program that is executed by a computer, but it is a much more important part of the hardware itself. For example, the BIOS is a firmware,

Now the BIOS is usually written like Flash (Flash) or EEPROM (because it needs to be updated)

10, display adapter VGA (Video Graphics Array):

In general, the display of graphic images is focused on resolution and color depth, because each image shows a color that consumes memory, so the display adapter will have a memory capacity, the display adapter memory capacity will affect the final screen resolution and color depth

The display adapter manufacturer embeds a 3D accelerated chip directly above the display adapter, which is known as the GPU (3D operation)

The display adapter is mainly through the North Bridge chip and CPU, main memory and other communication::

11,PCI Adapter card:

PCI slots are often provided to users, and if the user has additional required feature cards, they can be placed on this PCI interface slot

There are quite a few components that use the PCI interface for transmission, such as network cards, sound cards, special function cards, and so on. (Not Now)

12, Motherboard:

Device I/O address and IRQ Interrupt channel:

I/O addresses are a bit like the house number of each unit, each with his own address.

An IRQ can be thought of as a dedicated path to the message Center (CPU) for each house. Each device can tell the CPU how the device works by means of an IRQ interrupt channel.

CMOS and BIOS:

The main function of CMOS is to record important parameters on the motherboard, including system time, CPU voltage and frequency, I/O address of various devices and IRQ, etc.

The BIOS is a program written to a piece of flash or EEPROM on the motherboard, which can be executed at boot time to load parameters in the CMOS and attempt to call the boot program in the storage device to further enter the operating system. The BIOS program can also modify the data in the CMOS

13, operating system (Operating system, OS):

The focus is on managing all the activities of the computer and all the hardware in the drive system

Operating system core (Kernel):

The function of the operating system is to allow the CPU to start judging the logical and computing values, so that the main memory can start loading/reading data and program code, so that the hard disk can start to be accessed, so that the network card can start to transfer data, so that all the perimeter can start running and so on. In short, all of the hardware's actions have to be achieved through this operating system.

The above function is the core of the operating system (Kernel)

Only the core has the capability to provide, your computer system can help you to complete the core of the main control hardware and provide related capabilities

System call:

The operating system provides an entire set of development interfaces

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The role of the operating system

(The operating system is actually the core and the interface tools it provides)

The core layer of the operating system is directly referenced to the hardware specifications, so the same operating system program cannot operate under a different hardware architecture

The operating system only manages the entire hardware resource, including CPU, memory, input and output devices, and file system files

The development of the application is a reference to the development interface provided by the operating system, so the application can only operate on the operating system, it can not operate on other operating systems

Core Features:

System call Interface (interface)

Program Management (Process Control)

Memory Management (Management)

File System Management (Filesystem management)

Device drivers (device drivers)

Operating system and drivers

The X operating system must be able to drive the hardware so that the application can use the hardware function;

X in general, the operating system will provide development interfaces for developers to make their drivers;

X to use the new hardware feature, you must install a vendor-supplied driver;

X drivers are provided by the manufacturer, and the operating system developer has no

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A brief summary of computer introduction