The processing of visual information is a very complex process, which reminds me of the same in the brain of the new cerebral cortex, as the beginning of human intelligence, it is not simple, but in infancy, its parts of the unit is not different, different functions are in the baby after receiving various stimuli from the outside. I am personally inclined to the original view that the vast majority of organs or tissues of biological perception and processing of external information are perfected after birth, before this is a very malleable existence, Perhaps this is to help organisms better adapt to a variety of environments or the ability of most organisms not to develop this complex system? Can it be said that the development of the optic nerve may not be fully developed during infancy?
Someone once asked: why is it that one months of the eyes of a newborn child will cause him to lose his sight for life?
Feitong Yang
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The short answer is:
it will, and will not, depend on your definition of "blindness".
In fact, you do not need to do this experiment because there are ready-made examples. Congenital cataract patients who have not been able to surgically remove cataracts for a period of time, the effect is comparable to what you say "eyes blindfolded for one months." Of course, you might say that people with cataracts may feel the light, so it's not the same as what you call "blindfolded." That's why I'm talking about the definition of "blindness", because now we're so-called blind people, and many of them have a faint sense of light, hopefully this link works: blindness:types, causes & Symptoms
Let's try again: in the more developed countries, congenital cataract patients are very early to undergo surgery to remove cataracts, so in countries such as the United States, they can not find such a test. However, there are still a large number of congenital cataract patients in India are not getting timely treatment. MIT's Pawan Sinha (home here: Sinha Lab at MIT, unfortunately the site is kneeling) in India, a project Prakash was launched to provide treatment to Indian patients while studying the effects of early visual deprivation on human vision. To learn more, please watch his TED talk directly: Pawan Sinha:how brains learn to see
The result is a bit controversial, but the consensus is that, if the early visual experience is denied, then even after the patient regain light, TA's visual ability will have a very big obstacle.
On the one hand, low-level visual functions may be restored. For example, the patient can see the contrast, the texture, the edge of the object, and even the movement of the object. These low-level visual functions are generally simple visual information processing.
On the other hand, a more advanced visual function, any point that requires "speculative" visual function, they will be hindered. For example, the part that complements the occlusion, or the depth information that is perceived through depth cues. Even the very simple Kanizsa triangles (such as), they may not be able to see, that is to say they have no way to report that they see the blank face down triangle. <img src= "Https://pic1.zhimg.com/57a8a39ce86faf6e9c865605afb60050_b.png" data-rawwidth= " "Data-rawheight=" 2133 "class=" Origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb "width=" "data-original=" https:// Pic1.zhimg.com/57a8a39ce86faf6e9c865605afb60050_r.png "> The most interesting example of the blind experience should be about Mike May's research. Mike may have been blinded by the accident at the age of 3 or 4. When he was 46 years old, through modern medical technology, he was able to regain some of his eyesight, or he could be said to regain light, though not 2.0 of his eyesight. Three years after his vision, a group of scientists tested his visual function, Fine et al (2003) used a series of visual stimuli to test what he could see, with the following results (Fine et al., 2003, Figure 2). The most interesting example of the blind experience should be the study of Mike May. Mike may have been blinded by the accident at the age of 3 or 4. When he was 46 years old, through modern medical technology, he was able to regain some of his eyesight, or he could be said to regain light, though not 2.0 of his eyesight. Three years after his vision, a group of scientists tested his visual function, Fine et al (2003) used a series of visual stimuli to test what he could see, with the following results (Fine et al., 2003, Figure 2).
<img src= "Https://pic2.zhimg.com/3ab91851935cf7f26ab1739d44c4dbed_b.png" data-rawwidth= " 483 "data-rawheight=" 384 "class=" Origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb "width=" 483 "data-original=" https://pic2.zhimg.com/ 3ab91851935cf7f26ab1739d44c4dbed_r.png ">
The figure in mm indicates that Mike May,c is a normal person as a control group. You can find e,h,i three tests, mm completely unresponsive. 12 years later, Huber et al (2015) Re-tested the visual ability of the MM again. Although MM uses 12 years of vision, his visual function is basically not much worse than 12 years ago. It is necessary to note that MM before 3 years of age is normal eyesight, just 3, 4 years of age began he entered a 46-year blind period. This situation and the problem described in different, but perhaps also provide the landlord new thinking.
The main reason for the controversy in the study is that if you have the ability to regain your eyesight (which is what it means to regain light), then their
Visual FunctionCan we recover through long-term training? This is a very good thing if the blind person can regain visual function by means of perceptual training and so on. Because, on the one hand, medical development, can be updated to restore vision technology. But it's no use simply to restore your eyesight. Because there have been several cases of recovery of vision, however, those who return to vision eventually choose to return to life in the dark, because they do not restore visual function, and vision itself becomes the burden of their lives. So, on the other hand, cognitive training is also very important for the recovery of visual function.
However...... Is it possible to restore visual function through training? Ostrovsky, Andalman, Sinha (2006) reported a recoverable example, but most of the results were not recoverable, such as the above Fine et al (2003). To be honest, I personally feel that there is not much hope. Because, after the early deprivation of visual experience, the visual cortex began to do other things, such as processing working memory, and even analyzing language, grammar (e.g. Bedny, Richardson, Saxe, 2015). (Bedny in the next room to study the blind, almost two years ago to get blind, but unfortunately did not think of any interesting experimental project, hey ...) ）
So, finally, to summarize: if you deprive the early visual experience, then
vision is likely to recover, but the visual function is very likely to have serious obstacles, so that people can see, but can not see a meaningful world. In addition, the length of deprivation, the time of blindness, etc. will have different effects on visual function and the visual cortex of the brain.
But, you say, "Blind for Life"? It really depends on how you define "blindness."
Reference
Bedny, M., Richardson, H., & Saxe, R. (2015). "Visual" Cortex responds to spoken Language in Blind children.
The Journal of neuroscience,
*(33), 11674-11681.
Fine, I., Wade, A. R., Brewer, A. A., May, M. G., Goodman, D. F, Boynton, G. M. M,. & MacLeod, D. I. (2003). Long-term deprivation affects visual perception and cortex.
Nature Neuroscience,
6(9), 915-916.
Huber, E., Webster, J. M., Brewer, A. A., MacLeod, D., Wandell, B., Boynton, G. M. M, ... & Fine, I. (2015). A Lack of experience-dependent plasticity after more Than a decade of recovered Sight.
Psychological Science, 0956797614563957.
Ostrovsky, Y., Andalman, A., & Sinha, P. (2006). Vision following extended congenital blindness.
Psychological Science,
-(12), 1009-1014. This is an example: Aurora Wang53 people agreeI am a congenital cataract patient. The lens was surgically removed at six months, which is equivalent to six months of eye cover.
It belongs to the form deprivation amblyopia. All hospitals have indicated that there is no cure for the current medical level. Eyesight in accordance with national standards is blind (under 0.1), but still can see something.
The concrete manifestation, one is the eyeball tremor. The overall effect is equivalent to always sitting in a truck driving on dirt roads to see things.
Then the extreme amblyopia, can see the color of the object (may be more sensitive to color than the average person also strong?) I used to have a color-resolved test on the Internet, I can make full marks, but the silhouette is very blurry. In my eyes everyone's face is a yellow oval, there are a few points above. So the face is blind, only through hair, voice and clothing identification.
Wearing a very high degree of convex lens can be about to see things near, reading basic no problem, just a little slower. But things in the distance are completely burnt, and to see things in the distance only with telescopes. And because need to stick very close to see, posture is very difficult to see, when a child is always asked: "You are looking at things or smelling things?" “
When you want to see something, the field of vision is concentrated in a small area. For example, if you look at your feet when walking, you must bow down, look up at pedestrians and road conditions will be under the foot of the steps trip.
Because the tremor is relieved with only one eye, it is impossible to use two eyes at the same time. Basically no stereoscopic vision. Always accidentally touch things, with chopsticks to clamp things have difficulty, eat only two dishes in front of the clip, all the ball game. The leg is always a piece of bruises, walking in places without traffic lights will be more dangerous.
Severe kyphosis. Because one eye vision is more than the other, long-term unilateral use, leading to a bit of scoliosis.
Social fear, until the age of more than 20 to learn to look at someone else's face (before because it is not clear, it is completely without this consciousness) but so far see people's expression, feeling and people will have a diaphragm.
But still live strong and go to school to work and get married and have children. Thanks to CCTV, thanks to MTV, parents did not give up, trying to let me go to school, let me into the normal life (I know that there are almost the situation of children because parents did not let school, adult completely divorced from society). Yu Wen Hongyi
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First of all, the key period for children's vision development is from birth to about one year old, if blindfolded one months, may appear the visual development backward, but I think can still recover, but a year later is not reversible.
Visual development is a very complex process, first of all, the visual receptor eye is complex enough. <img data-rawheight= "534" data-rawwidth= "src=" https://pic3.zhimg.com/ 7ef71a653abdc2920a9ba7284f39de42_b.jpg "class=" Origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb "width=" "data-original=" https:// Pic3.zhimg.com/7ef71a653abdc2920a9ba7284f39de42_r.jpg ">
So that we have to have a special eye to treat eye-related diseases.
In addition, our visual production is not only with this receptor can be done, but also a set of conduction pathways, processors, outgoing devices and so on. Including the optic nerve, visual cross, visual beam, lateral knee-like body, visual cortex and so on. <img data-rawheight= "938" data-rawwidth= "src=" https://pic3.zhimg.com/ 5d205e2731afe22b8714b9f8a2a37892_b.jpg "class=" Origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb "width=" "data-original=" https:// Pic3.zhimg.com/5d205e2731afe22b8714b9f8a2a37892_r.jpg ">
It can be said that the problem of any part of the process can cause our visual problems.
In addition, visual experience is essential. There had been an example of an adult with congenital cataract who had been in the countryside and had no medical treatment, so there was no timely surgery. After adulthood, he had cataract surgery and was very much looking forward to seeing life after the light. Who knows the contrary, he has the light of life is extremely painful, because he completely do not understand the world before! He felt that everything was chaotic, a few meters outside the door he felt right in front of him, very small things he felt very big, the key is the scene of chaos in front of his vestibular function is also affected, he felt unstable, even nausea, vomiting. In this way, he finally blindfolded his eyes.
This example is a situation in which a person with no visual experience recovers from the vision. The process of visual formation in children is complex and requires a lot of factors to be done together. For example, extraocular muscle, the development of ciliary muscle, retinal rods cell optic cone cell light stimulation, visual pathway in the establishment and reconstruction of neuronal synaptic connection, the visual cortex of the imaging signal processing and so on, more importantly, visual production needs and other sensory development complementary, such as hearing, We hear a voice that subconsciously turns to look, such as smell, and we smell a taste that will appear in the brain before a picture, such as the body of the sleep, we see the picture to adjust their posture and muscle relaxation and tension. All of this is common development, and when you lack one, it will develop into another completely different system to maintain balance. And when you return, the system is not used to your existence, but will not adapt. Say a similar, heard to stay special glasses, let people's visual effect upside down, over a period of time, reversed will return to normal ...
About "How did the Vision neural system form?" "The Thinking
