Antibiotic Quick Find

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Amoxicillin [?, Mɑks? ' S?l?n] Amoxicillin amoxicillin, also known as amoxicillin or Ammer, is one of the most commonly used penicillin broad-spectrum beta-type antibiotics, a white powder with a half-life of about 61.3 minutes. The absorption rate of gastrointestinal tract was 90% under the condition of acidity. Amoxicillin has strong bactericidal effect and strong ability to penetrate the cell membrane. is one of the more widely used oral penicillin, its preparation has capsules, tablets, granules, dispersible tablets and so on. cephalosporins [Sef?l?? S ' p?:r?nz] cephalosporins (cephalosporins) are a series of semi-synthetic antibiotics that are obtained by the modified side chain, which is a cephalosporin c isolated from the culture liquid of the Crown cephalosporins. The advantages are as follows: The antibacterial spectrum is wide, the anaerobic bacteria are highly effective, the allergic reaction is lower than that of penicillin, stable to the acid and the beta-caprolactam of various bacteria, and the mechanism of penicillin is also the inhibition of bacterial cell wall formation. It belongs to the breeding period antiseptic. Because of its low toxicity and side effects, it is a kind of antibiotic that is developed rapidly. Penicillin [pen? '] S?l?n] Penicillin Penicillin (Benzylpenicillin/penicillin) is also known as penicillin G, Peillin g, penicillin, with amoxicillin, penicillin sodium, benzyl penicillin sodium, penicillin potassium, benzyl penicillin potassium. Penicillin is a kind of antibiotics, refers to the obtained in the green mold culture liquid molecules containing penicillium, bacteria can destroy the cell wall and the bacterial cells in the reproductive period of the sterilization of a class of antibiotic, is the first to be able to treat human disease antibiotics. Penicillin antibiotics are a generic term for a large class of antibiotics in beta-caprolactam.

Respiratory infection respiratory tract infection

I. One upper respiratory infection upper respiratory tract infection

1.otitis otitis media [? (?) ' Ta?t?s]

2.sinusitis [, Sa?n? ' Sa?t?s] Sinusitis

3.pharyngitis[,fær?? ' D?a?t?s] Pharyngitis

4.tonsillitis [T?ns? ' La?t?s] tonsil inflammation

I. Two lower respiratory infection upper respiratory tract infection

1.bronchitis[brɑ? ' Ka?t?s] Bronchitis

2.pneumonia pneumonia [Nju? ' M?? n??]

Tract infection urogenital tract infection in two genitourinary

Genitourinary[,d?en?t?? ' J?? R?n?r?] Genital Urology.

Three. cutaneous infection skin infection

Four. gonorrhoea Gonorrhea [, ɡɑn? ' Ri?]

Five. typhia[' Tifi? Typhoid

Typhoid bacteria, genus of Salmonella Group D. Gram staining negative, is short rod-shaped, week has the yin, can the activity, does not produce the spore, does not have the capsule membrane. It can grow on normal medium and grow better in medium containing bile. Typhoid fever, often referred to as "typhoid fever", causes typhoid disease. Typhoid bacteria in the natural vitality of strong, in the water can survive 2-3 weeks, in the stool can be maintained for 1-2 months, in the milk can not only survive, and can reproduce. Resistant to low temperature, in the frozen environment can survive for several months, but light, heat, drying and disinfectant resistance is weak, direct sunlight for several hours to die, heated to 60 ℃ after 30 minutes or immediately after boiling death, disinfection water residual chlorine can be quickly fatal.

Six. Helicobacter pylori pyloric spiral bacterium

Seven. Meningitis [, Men?n ' d?a?t?s] meningitis

Meningitis is a delicate membrane of the meninges or cerebral spine (a membrane between the skull and the brain) that is infected with the disease. The disease is usually accompanied by a bacterial or viral infection in any part of the body, such as an ear, sinus or upper respiratory tract infection. Bacterial meningitis is a particularly serious disease that needs to be treated in a timely manner. If it is not treated, it may die within a few hours or cause permanent brain damage. Viral meningitis is more severe but most people can recover completely, a few legacy sequelae.

Eight. septicemia[,sept? ' Si?m??] Septicemia

Sepsis is an acute systemic infection that occurs when pathogenic bacteria or conditioned pathogenic bacteria invade the bloodstream and grow and reproduce in the blood, producing toxins. Sepsis is associated with multiple abscesses and the course of disease is known as sepsis in older patients.

Nine. Osteomyelitis osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis is a kind of bone infection and destruction, which can be caused by aerobic or anaerobic bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi. Osteomyelitis is good for a long bone, a diabetic foot or a penetrating bone injury caused by trauma or surgery. The most common part of a child is a well-formed long bone, such as the tibia or the dry epiphyseal end of the femur.

10. Scarlatina new Red Hot [, skɑ?l? ' Ti?n?]

Scarlet fever is a group of hemolytic streptococcus infection caused by acute respiratory infections. Its clinical features are fever, herpangina, diffuse red rash of the whole body and obvious removal of the rash. In a few patients, the heart, kidney and joint damage occurred due to allergic reactions. This disease occurs all year round, especially in the winter and spring season of the onset of more. More commonly seen in children, especially in the 5~15岁 majority.

Antibiotic drug Introduction:

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Antibiotic classification:

(i) beta-caprolactam: The molecular structure of penicillin and cephalosporins contains beta-caprolactam rings. There are also major developments, such as the Thienamycins, single-Ring (monobactams), beta-inhibitor (β-lactamadeinhibitors), and Penicillin (methoxypeniciuins). (ii) Aminoglycoside: including streptomycin, gentamicin, Kanamycin, Natamycin, Amikacin, doxorubicin, ribose, doxorubicin, doxorubicin and so on. (iii) amide alcohols: including chloramphenicol, methyl sulfone and so on. (iv) Large ring lactone: commonly used in the clinical use of erythromycin, white mildew, tasteless erythromycin, acetyl-clindamycin, McGrady, clindamycin, etc., azithromycin. (v) polypeptide antibiotics: vancomycin, vancomycin, Teicoplanin, the latter in antimicrobial activity, drug-specific characteristics and safety are superior to the previous two. (vi) Other antibiotics that act on G-bacteria, such as multi-level bacteria, phosphorus, clindamycin, tranexamic acid, rifampicin, etc. (vii) Other antibiotics that act on g+ bacteria, such as lincomycin, Clindamycin, and bacillus peptides. (eight) Antifungal antibiotics: it is divided into the type of Echinococcus, diene, pyrimidine, antifungal agents acting on the fungal membrane of ergot sterol, allyl amine, and triazole. (ix) Antitumor antibiotics: such as mitomycin, Actinomyces D, bleomycin, Adriamycin, etc. (10) Anti-tuberculosis fungus: rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazine amide, etc. (11) Antibiotics with immunosuppressive effects such as cyclosporine. (12) Four ring-type: including tetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Chlortetracycline and doxycycline. penicillin is the drug of choice for the following infections.⒈ hemolytic streptococcus infection, such as pharyngitis, tonsillitis, scarlet fever (Scarlatina), Erysipelas, cellulitis and puerperal fever ⒉ Streptococcus pneumoniae infection such as pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis and bacterial disease ⒊ non-production of penicillin Staphylococcus infection ⒋ anthrax ⒌ tetanus, Clostridium difficile, such as gas gangrene, ⒍ syphilis (including congenital syphilis) ⒎ leptospirosis ⒏ regression heat ⒐ diphtheria ⒑ penicillin combined with aminoglycoside drugs in the treatment of grass-green streptococcus endocarditis "mainly for the treatment of diseases"⒈ Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis ⒉ actinomycetes disease ⒊ Gonorrhea ⒋ Fen sen herpangina ⒌ Lyme disease ⒍ Multi-kill pasteur infection ⒎ rat bite heat ⒏ Listeria infection ⒐ many anaerobic bacteria other than fragile pseudo-bacilli infected with rheumatic heart disease or congenital heart disease patients undergoing oral, dental, gastrointestinal or genitourinary surgery and operation before, Penicillin can be used to prevent the occurrence of infective endocarditis. [7]

I. amoxicillin

Amoxicillin is suitable for the following infections caused by sensitive bacteria (not producing beta-caprolactam strains): (1) hemolytic streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus or Haemophilus influenzae caused by otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis and other upper respiratory tract infections (2) Escherichia coli, urogenital tract infections caused by exotic Proteus or Enterococcus faecalis (3) Cutaneous soft tissue infection caused by hemolytic streptococcus, staphylococcus or Escherichia coli (4) Acute bronchitis, pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections caused by hemolytic streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus or Haemophilus influenzae (5) Acute simple Gonorrhea (6) Can be used to treat typhoid, other salmonella infections, typhoid carriers and leptospirosis, amoxicillin can also be linked with clarithromycin, lansoprazole triple drug eradication of gastric and duodenal Helicobacter pylori, reduce the recurrence rate of peptic ulcer.Adverse ReactionsThe incidence of adverse reactions in the clinical application of amoxicillin was about 5-6%, about 2% of those who stopped the drug due to the reaction. The main adverse reactions are: 1. Allergic reaction symptoms can occur in drug fever, urticaria, rash and asthma, especially in the infectious mononuclear cells. Rare anaphylactic shock. 2. Digestive symptoms, such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms, occasionally, such as the gastrointestinal reaction of false membranous colitis. 3. Blood system symptoms occasionally eosinophils, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, etc. 4. Skin mucosa reaction occasionally plaque papules, exudative polymorphism of erythema, Lyell syndrome, exfoliative dermatitis. 5. Hepatic and renal dysfunction in a few patients after drug use occasionally serum amino-transferase mildly elevated, acute interstitial nephritis. 6. Other central nervous system symptoms such as excitement, anxiety, insomnia, dizziness, and behavioral abnormalities. Long-term use of the drug can occur by Candida or drug-resistant bacteria caused by a double infection. 7. When intravenous infusion is large, seizures and eosinophilic cells increase.Taboo Editor The National Health Department stipulates that penicillin skin tests must be carried out before amoxicillin is used, and positive responders are banned. In addition, penicillin sodium, penicillin potassium, etc. are also penicillin antibiotics, before use must do skin test. Not convenient to do skin test can take a grain of One-third, an hour later if no adverse reaction can be taken normally, if you feel unwell to the hospital as soon as possible. 1. For a person with penicillin allergy may be allergic to other penicillin, may also be allergic to penicillium or cephalosporins, before the use of penicillin skin test, positive disabled. 2. Infectious monocytes, lymphocytic leukemia, cytomegalovirus infection, lymphoma and other patients are banned. 3. The history of allergic diseases such as asthma, eczema, hay fever, urticaria, and people with herpes virus, especially those with infectious monocytes (which can increase the risk of adverse skin reactions); Use caution. 4. The use of copper sulfate flake reagent (R), Ferrin solution to determine urine sugar may lead to false positive reaction, a few patients can appear after the use of serum transaminase increased, eosinophils and leukopenia. 5. Pregnant and lactating women and children under 3 months of caution. After the application of pregnant women in the late pregnancy, the concentration of estrogen in the plasma can be reduced, but there is no effect on the free estrogen and progesterone. This product can be discharged by milk, the nurse use this product can make baby sensitization. Amoxicillin has a variety of dosage forms, including injections, capsules, tablets, granules, etc., but no matter what kind of dosage forms, the requirements of the storage environment is very high, should be light-shielding, sealing, in the cool and dark dry place to save. Even if the storage conditions are appropriate, amoxicillin is still likely to occur during the placement of chemical changes, such as decomposition and polymerization, to form new allergic substances. During the hot and humid season, the rate of deterioration will be accelerated. In addition, amoxicillin and aminoglycoside drugs (such as gentamicin, kanamycin), ciprofloxacin, fleroxacin and other drugs, are incompatible with the incompatibility, can not be placed in the same container. The use of amoxicillin capsules must follow the doctor's advice, as a family standing drugs on their own take both blindness and risk. In the process of taking amoxicillin, if there is a rash and other allergic reactions, or serious digestive system adverse reactions, such as diarrhea, vomiting, etc., must immediately stop the medicine.     two. cephalosporins   first generation: Cefotaxime sodium, Cephradine, Cefoperazone, Ceftazidime, cephalosporins, cephalosporins, cephalosporins, Ceftazidime, cephalosporins, cephalosporins, cephalosporins, Cephalosporin...) cephalosporins, Cefoperazone, Cephalosporin, cephalosporins, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime. Second generation: Cefuroxime sodium, cefuroxime ester, cephalosporins, cephalosporins, cephalosporins, cephalosporins, cephalosporins, Seeding, cephalosporins, cephalosporins, Jike, and cephalosporins, as a first step. Third generation: Cefotaxime sodium, Cefoperazone, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime oxime, and so on. Cefepime, cephalosporins, cephalosporins, Cefepime, Cefotaxime, cephalosporins, cephalosporins, Cephalosporin, cephalosporins, cephalosporins, rosier, cephalosporins, Ceftazidime, cephalosporins, cephalosporins, cephalosporins, and the head of the spore, cephalosporins, Cephalosporin, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cefepime, Cefuroxime, Cefotaxime, ceftriaxone. Fourth generation: Cefepime, cephalosporinsLuo, ceftazidime.    first generation: Cefotaxime sodium This product is the first generation of cephalosporins, broad antimicrobial spectrum, the activity of Gram-positive bacteria is strong, this product is suitable for penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (except for methicillin-resistant drug) and sensitive Gram-negative bacilli caused byrespiratory infections, soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, sepsisAnd so on, the severity of the disease can be used in combination with aminoglycoside antibiotics, but should be vigilant to increase renal toxicity. This product is not suitable for patients with bacterial meningitis.  This product mainly inhibits the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. Second generation: Cefuroxime sodium cefuroxime ester is suitable for the treatment of infections caused by sensitive bacteria. -lower respiratory tract infection: such as acute bronchitis and acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and pneumonia. -upper respiratory tract infection: Including ear, nose, throat infection, such as otitis media, sinusitis, tonsillitis and pharyngitis. -Genital tract Infection: such as pyelonephritis, cystitis and urethritis. -skin and soft tissue infections: such as boils disease, purulent skin disease and purulent blister disease. Treatment of early Lyme disease in adults and children over 12 years of age, and subsequent prophylaxis of late Lyme disease. -Gonorrhea: Acute non-complication gonococcal urethritis and Cervicitis. Cefuroxime also has a sodium salt dosage form for parenteral administration of the gastrointestinal tract (Western Force Hin injection). The same antibiotic can be used for sequential treatment in the case of a clinical need to change the injected drug to oral administration.  In the treatment of acute onset of pneumonia and chronic bronchitis, the use of the appropriate dosage of the Citalopram tablet is effective following the initial use of the West Force Hin injection (cefuroxime sodium). Third generation: Cefotaxime Sodium This product is the third generation of semi-synthetic cephalosporins, the antimicrobial spectrum is more extensive than cefuroxime, the role of Gram-negative bacteria more powerful, antibacterial spectrum including Haemophilus influenza Bacilli, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Klebsiella and strange Proteus, Neisseria spp, staphylococcus, pneumococcal, Streptococcus and so on. Clinically, it is mainly used in the infection of various sensitive bacteria, such as respiratory tract, facial features, abdominal cavity, biliary tract, meningitis, gonorrhea, urinary system infection, sepsis and so on.Fourth generation: CefepimeThe product is a fourth-generation semi-synthetic cephalosporins. The antibacterial spectrum and antibacterial activity were similar to the third generation cephalosporins, but the antibacterial spectrum was further enlarged. Strong antibacterial activity was found in Gram-positive bacteria, negative bacteria including intestinal bacilli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus spp, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus (except Enterococci). For the stability of beta-caprolactam, the clinic is mainly used for all kinds of serious infections such as respiratory tract infection, urinary system infection, biliary tract infection, sepsis and so on.

Antibiotic Quick Find