Beauty of QiJia Culture JADE (photos)

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

Mei jingfeng, Gansu Province

I have the honor to get to know QiJia Culture jade and have a strong preference for QiJia Culture jade, not only because it is located in the origin region of QiJia Culture, what's more important is that the beauty exclusive to QiJia Culture Jade has deeply attracted me.

Good Materials

Most of the materials used by QiJia Culture Jade are based on local or nearby materials (mainly subject to the current economic conditions and traffic conditions). A small amount of such materials are also suspected of being Xiaoyu. Its materials generally include stone, semi-stone and semi-Jade, and Jade, as well as turquoise and Tianhe stone (this article only discusses the jade material ). Most of the jade materials used are of good texture, including white jade, white jade, yellow jade, Jasper, moyu, and sugar jade, as well as mucolored Jade between different colors. Modern archaeological excavation and ore mining activities show that there are abundant Jade deposits in the vast area of QiJia Culture. Among them, yukuang has been found in Wushan, Ji Shan, Ma Jie Shan, Qilian Mountains and other places, and the Qijia cultural region has also extended to the Kunlun Mountains in Qinghai, in addition, many jade articles suspected of Qinghai are also found in QiJia Culture JADE (figure 1 ). Among the jade deposits found in Qijia cultural region, the most abundant and best quality Jade materials used to make Jade over thousands of years ago belong to Ma Jianshan.

Located at the junction of Yuzhong county and linzhu County in Dingxi district, Gansu Province, the jizang mountains are in the central area of QiJia Culture. The Jade materials produced (Figure 2) are hard, dense, and oily, the majority of these are microcrystalline Jade materials with extremely fine and even texture. The hardness, density, oil and crystal structure of these materials are close to that of hetian jade, but the color is richer. Of course, the quality of hetian Yu is better and more rare. After thousands of years of underground burial and evolution, today we can compare the two kinds of jade materials. We can see that the density of the MA Jie Shan Jade material is a little weaker than that of hetian Jade, but it is precisely because of this, therefore, it is easier to form beautiful colors than hetian Yu. Because ma Jianshan Yuji is close to hetian Yu, it is often easy to regard Ma Jianshan Yuji as hetian Yu in many cases. It is generally difficult to distinguish the two from each other without a long-term understanding of the process.

Since ancient times, China has the saying that "the West Earth and the United States of America", QiJia Culture jade in the northwest region occupies a unique natural condition, and its jade materials are closer to the standard of "Zhenyu, this is not available in other ancient cultures. Other high-ancient cultural jades, such as xinglongwa, Hongshan, Dawenkou, Liangzhu, Longshan, lingjiatan, Luohe, and Xiadian, taosi, and erli, the Jade materials used are basically based on local jade, and their materials have their own characteristics. However, in general, the material of QiJia Culture jade is closer to "Zhenyu" ---- hetian Yu, and some of the materials are hetian Yu.

Good Geographical Environment

The geographical environment and climatic conditions in the northwest are conducive to the preservation and storage of jade articles underground. It is mainly reflected in the following three aspects: first, the dry and dry environment in the northwest region has little effect on the erosion of jade; second, the yellow Land in the northwest region is relatively poor, it has little effect on the corrosion of jade. The third is the alkaline soil in the loess plateau of Northwest China. It is an alkaline environment formed under humid conditions and acts on Jade together with other external environments, which is conducive to the formation of the jade. These are the unique natural conditions of the northwestern region. Other regions do not have or are not fully qualified.

Of course, if the geographical environment is good, these are relative. Other geographic environments also have their own advantages, such as wet environments, relatively complex soil composition, and acidic soil conditions, which can also lead to other secondary changes in Jade, form regional characteristics.

Qinximei

In addition to its profound history, culture (social, political, economic, religious, cultural, and artistic values), cultural relics, and artistic values, the most attractive physical feature is its beauty and beauty. In Qijia's cultural jade, some jade (mainly refers to the jade produced by Ma Jianshan), due to its special Jade quality, are affected by its unique burial environment, climatic conditions, and other factors, the formation of the beautiful.

Because of internal and external factors, the movement of ions inside the jade is changing, as well as external metal ions, organic matter, microorganisms, etc. dip, erosion into the interior of the jade, resulting in changes in the distribution of jade metal ions and non-metallic ions (one is that the external ions intrude into the interior of the jade, one is that the distribution of internal ions changes due to external ionic intrusion), which leads to different colors of the jade. Common white (Chicken Bone white, chalk white, etc.), ** (teeth **, medium **, etc.), brown, red, black, brown, and so on, the color is naturally beautiful, consolidate the machine, with clear layers, natural transition, and reasonable distribution. Pair is an ancient jade, especially the most beautiful and rewarding place in gaochu. (Figure 3 shows a variety of PAHO colors ). Compared with the later generations (mainly referred to as "three generations") of the ancient jade, the ancient jade in Qijia cultural period is relatively simple because of its good quality, dry storage environment, and simple Burial environment, it is not as complex and diverse as the three generations of jade, but it is more calm, concise, thick, simple, natural and generous, and has more ornamental value.

Many Jades in QiJia Culture are beautiful, mainly thanks to the following: first, the local Ma Jie Shan jade produced in Qijia region. I guess the metal ions contained in the jade are prone to motion changes under certain conditions. The second advantage is the geographical environment in the northwest. As mentioned above, especially in alkaline environments, this is conducive to the formation of refreshing colors.

Here I am talking about my immature point of view, that is, Gao Guyu, because hetian Yu is relatively dense, it is difficult to generate refreshing. In the formation of refreshing, its closeness is also its weakness.

(Figure 4 Qi Jia jade of hetian Yuji)

Multiple Varieties, all types

QiJia Culture has a rich variety of jade articles.

Mr. Yang Boda once summarized the functions of QiJia Culture Jade as "the functions of QiJia Culture jade in Gansu include four main functions: Yiwei (Swiss), ornaments, sacrifices (ritual), and production ", and "production ...... ". I think this generalization is more accurate. I feel that QiJia Culture jade mainly includes ritual, sacrifice, weapons, tools, ornaments, and other categories. Its functions and functions mainly include: ritual (including sacrifices to the gods of heaven and earth, the symbol of power, etc.), weapons, sacrifices (ancestor), funeral, wealth, production, ornaments, playing a series of functions. However, some of these functions are interconnected, such as the ritual, sometimes used as a ritual, sometimes used as a ritual, and at the same time as a symbol of power status, the same piece of jade may have different functions and functions in different occasions at different times.

Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9

The main varieties include: yu Bi, Yu Huang, Yu GUI, Yu Dao, Yu Ge, Yu, Yu Qi, Yu Yao, Yu Mao, Yu, Yu Zheng, Yu shovel, Yu grip, Yu comb, Yu Guan, Yu, Yu Tang, yu zhu string ornaments, Yu arm ornaments and so on. Among them, Yubi can also be divided into Yubi (meat is better than good), Yuhuan (better than meat), Yu (meat is better than good ), huang can be divided into a single Huang, two wall, three wall, multi wall, etc., the knife can be divided into a single hole knife, two hole knife, porous knife and so on. Different types can be subdivided into different types, and different types of devices exist. (Figure 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9)

Figure 10

There is a kind of jade which is an old disability change. In ancient times, Yu was very respected and cherished by the ancients. When Yu was using it, it was defective. Unless it was a small one that could not be used, it was generally necessary to reuse it at that time, or punch holes to reconnect the defective parts (figure 10), or change the large parts to small ones, small parts such as knives and guis (figure 11 ).

Figure 11

We can see many of the remaining jade articles in which there are obvious traces of fire and some traces of disability. This is also a common phenomenon in the ancient jade. (Figure 12: Qijia Jade with fire)

Figure 12 Qi Jia Jade with fire

There is also a kind of jade. I call it a special shaped ware, which is different from the common type of ware, including the different materials and shapes (figure 13 ). Some shaped devices are difficult to find similar things, and to some extent, they are even isolated products. Because the number of shaped devices is scarce and "rare as expensive", it is more precious.

Large quantity

QiJia Culture has a large number of jade articles for the following four reasons:

First, Qijia cultural region has the natural advantages of jade materials. Many Jade deposits exist in the region, providing a reliable material base. Due to the current economic and social conditions and transportation conditions, materials are generally taken from nearby sources or locally.

Second, at that time, the residents of QiJia Culture were particularly fond of the jade and had a primitive religious worship and love for the jade. The application scope is also very extensive. The ritual, living, production, ornaments, and so on all use the jade habit. Modern Archaeology fully proves this. For example, in the houses of the original residents of the Lama site, a lot of jade articles are found in special places; In the sacrificial site, a series of jade articles are found, which are larger than the general Jade type; in the tombs, we found the embedded jade and ornaments. If there is no such thing as Jade, we also need to find some stone substitutes to accompany the burial.

Third, Qijia has a long experience in culture. According to a study by Mr. Zhang zhongpei, The QiJia Culture was between the second half of the millennium BC and the second millennium BC. Modern Archaeology has proved that QiJia Culture has gone through more than 500 or 600 years of history. Over the past few hundred years, many communities, tribes, and small nations may exist in the Northwest Qijia region, and many of them have survived, it leaves many cultural relics or ruins of Qijia. During the Qijia cultural period, the time span for using the Jade was long, the space for using the Jade was wide, and many groups and individuals were using the jade, leaving a lot of jade remains.

Fourth, QiJia Culture was in the early stage of the development of bronze culture and provided solid productivity conditions for the mass production of jade. Modern Archaeology has proved that as the first ancestor of Ancient Chinese civilization to master bronze smelting technology, make and use bronze, Qi Jia provides more advanced production tools for the governance of jade. With advanced metal tools, the efficiency of jade processing naturally increases, and the number of jade production may increase.

Figure 14

From the remaining Jade materials, we can clearly see that the cut marks of QiJia Culture Jade are straight lines (Figure 14), rather than curves, which strongly demonstrates the QiJia Culture period, zhiyu may use a straight saw of hard things (metal tools or other), rather than a wire saw used for opening the original jade culture.

Due to the fact that the hardness of Copper metal tools is not enough, it is difficult to process the jade. In addition, due to other unknown reasons, QiJia Culture jade mainly focuses on the theme, and its shape is relatively simple, there are only a very small number of jade articles with decorative patterns, and the decorative patterns are relatively simple straight lines and varnish lines.

More complete gift series (large)

Many other things not found in QiJia Culture Jade. In the volume of Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Xinjiang in the complete collection of Chinese jades, we will introduce Qi Jia's cultural Jade, there are 32.1 cm in diameter, 16.7 cm in height, 33.2 cm in diameter, 65.5 cm in length, and in length, all of which indicate that there are many classic "big tools" in QiJia Culture Jade ". In addition, modern archaeology has not fully explored QiJia Culture Jade.

In my opinion, Qijia's Jade gift set is one of the prototype and important origins of the weekly Jade gift set. In addition to the "Six ware" of the week, its gift set series should also include knives and knives. In addition to the traditional important ritual tools that have been extended for a long time since the Stone Age, such as wall and region, the Qijia cultural period appeared earlier and used the tool-Type Large Jade with the gift function, such as knife, Ghost, Gui, and ghost, the wall is further evolved into a type with special functions, such as the Huang and multi-Huang contact walls. On this basis, Shang Zhou Yu Lishi has made new developments and changes, which are more regular and complete. (For example, the teeth of the teeth have changed from nothing to two to more)

From the late Stone Age to the history of jade in the early civilization, we can see that, for a long time, such as wall and silk were used as ritual tools, from the northeast to the northwest, from the southeast to the Central Plains, and some classic type were used for a long time, our ancestors exchanged and integrated information on the Chinese land. It can be said that the history of jade is also the history of the Great Integration, great development, and great exchanges of the Chinese nation, and is a living fossil of the historical evolution of the Chinese nation.

Simplicity and simplicity

Most of Qijia's cultural jades are simple and generous. They are naturally simple and easy to process.

Cause: the hardness of the jade material is high, and the processing is difficult. A large number of jade articles are rough and appear sloppy. We can now see that there were traces of incomplete processing on some jade.

Second, they may advocate the beauty of simplicity and simplicity. Most of the jade articles from the late Stone Age to the early stage of civilized society are simple and simple. Most of them are the results of primitive abstract understanding and simplified shentization of natural things.

From the history of the development of jade, we can also see that the jade itself is the "" that people first find from the stone. The first thing we pay attention to is its special materials, there is a developing process of never processing-simple processing-rough processing-finishing.

Identify false values

Most of the products in the market are counterfeits or handicrafts. The main reason is that some parts of the QiJia Culture are being copied. The imitation products are relatively easy to identify. Of course, there is no long-term contact and real understanding of the characteristics of genuine products, which is hard to distinguish. With the continuous improvement of counterfeit technologies, and the fact that some fake sellers have carefully purchased the old jade or residual materials left over from the Qijia cultural period over the years, the old materials and new workers have a greater "lethal effect ", collectors need to be more careful. It is necessary to go deep into the market frequently to accurately understand the characteristics of the development and changes of counterfeited products, and continuously improve the resolution capability as the counterfeited products develop.

We must adhere to the "one-point Denial System" and identify the jade from the perspective of doubt and negation, rather than the "one-point affirmation System", that is, we must carefully find out the inappropriate places in the items, even if there is only one thing that can be determined as inappropriate, the whole things should be rejected. Instead of feeling that one of the items is similar, it depends on the genuine products and it is regarded as genuine products. The "one-point Denial" and "doubt-point Denial" are completely different. You must study carefully and seek advice with an empty mind. Truly grasp the characteristics of genuine products in an all-round way, and strictly judge the authenticity of the ware from the jade material, tool type, technology, packaging and many other aspects.

There are two other reasons: Steel Silo anti-corrosion, http://www.66gk?com/product-101.html ;. However, these two points are not only applicable to QiJia Culture jade, but also to all types of high-Ancient Jade.

First, Gao Guyu is the easiest way to cut off generations and identify authenticity. The older the age, the heavier and deeper the secondary changes left by time and other conditions on the jade, the more obvious the historical imprint, and the easier it is to identify authenticity.

Second, the historical cultural relics of the Ancient Jade are of high value, which is also one of the most important reasons. At present, the price of high ancient jade, including its historical value and cultural value, has been seriously devalued, and is in the value depression and further explored. Under the historical social conditions at that time, Jade was an "artifact" of God or sacrifice, not only a symbol of power status, but also a symbol of top-level wealth. It was incomparable to other works of art in the same period.

QiJia Culture jade is the primitive jade culture that emerged from the late Stone Age to the early Bronze Age in Northwest China. Its History is in the stage of prehistoric society entering the national and civilized age, inheriting the primitive jade culture, this article systematically summarized and integrated the original Yu culture in the northwest region, followed by the "three generations of Yu culture", which plays a role in linking the original Yu culture with the "three generations" Yu culture, at the same time, it serves to communicate with the Yu culture in the western region and the Central Plains, and plays a very important and unique role in the Chinese primitive Yu culture. Of course, his objective limitations are also determined by the social conditions at that time. QiJia Culture is located in a remote region in the northwest, and its economic, cultural, and social development are subject to its natural and geographical conditions. There are few engineers (almost seldom seen), the shape is relatively simple, and the processing is relatively crude.

Status Quo and expectation

We can see that in the Qijia cultural region, many sites have been stolen and damaged, and many other relics are exposed on the surface, which cannot be properly protected,

Archaeological exploration is not enough. The historical and cultural aspects of Qijia's Cultural period have not been fully verified, and there is far from a clear development context. Up to now, the QiJia Culture has not yet explored a large sacrifice platform, and there are only a small number of archaeological jades, which cannot reflect the full picture of QiJia Culture Jade, including types, materials, functions, and functions.

In terms of publicity, first, the intensity of publicity and protection is far from enough. Second, the cultural brands and values of QiJia Culture have not been well developed and used.

Here, we need to note that the "Beauty of QiJia Culture Jade" mentioned in this Article refers to the unique beauty formed by QiJia Culture Jade under its specific historical conditions. In short, I think it is "high quality and beautiful, simple and elegant ". With the deepening of the Chinese civilization source exploration project, as an important witness of civilization, we will certainly have a new understanding, understanding and positioning for them. I would like to discuss it with you and correct it.

Editor: Wei

Beauty of QiJia Culture JADE (photos)