CPU Type
- Compact instruction set (reduced instructions set Computer-risc)
- The instruction is more concise, the execution cycle of each instruction is short, the operation is simple, the performance is better; the Sun company SPARC series, IBM's power Archite series and arm (mobile phones, PDAs, navigation systems, network equipment, etc.) series.
- Complex instruction Set (Complex instructions set computer-cirs)
- Each instruction can perform some of the lower-order hardware operations, with a number of commands, complex instructions, and varying instruction lengths. Command execution time is longer.
- Common CISC Micro-instruction set CPUs include: AMD, Intel, via and other X86 architectures CPU. This architecture is often used for personal computers.
Computer classification:
- Supercomputer (super-computer) military, meteorological, aviation, etc.
- Large-scale mainframe enterprises, securities, finance, etc.
- Mini computer science research, factory, etc.
- Workstation
- Microcomputer PC
There is no specific boundary value for the application scenario of the above classification.
Nan Qiao & North Bridge
North Bridge: Responsible for the fast connection of CPU, memory, graphics and other components, these high-speed equipment to control.
South Bridge: Responsible for connecting the peripheral slow equipment, including hard disk, USB, network card, etc., to achieve IO communication.
Memory
The main memory component of the personal computer is--dynamic random access memory,---The dynamics random Access Memories,DRAM.
- sdram:synchronous dynamic random Access memory, synchronization is the memory work requires synchronous clock, the internal command of the sending and transmission of data with it as the benchmark; Dynamic it means that the storage array needs constant refresh to ensure that data is not lost, and stochastic means that data is not stored linearly, but is freely assigned to the address for data reading and writing.
- The DDR dram,double-data-rate doubles the data transfer speed and can transmit data two times in a single clock cycle. The transmission rate is better than SDRAM.
- Dual-channel technology, two/four (preferably the same model) in-memory data is read simultaneously. The data is written/read synchronously .
- SRAM Static Random Access Memory. In the design of more transistors, higher prices, not suitable for storage, but fast. So it's often used to cache-cache .
Graphics
Vga-video Graphics Array.
Hard disk
- Composition: disc, robotic arm, head, spindle motor
- sector, storage unit, 512B. Cylindrical surface
- Storage capacity: Number of heads * Number of cylinders per head * Number of sectors per cylinder * sector capacity
- Transport interface
- IDE-A wide line, each line can connect two hard drives, become master/slave. Theoretical transfer speed of 133mb/s
- SATA-- mainstream. divided into signal lines & power cords.
Cmos&bios
- CMOS records important parameters on the motherboard, including system time, CPU voltage frequency, the IO address of each device, etc.
- BIOS, a piece of flash or EEPROM on the motherboard (electrically erasable ROM), loads the CMOS parameters, invokes the boot program in the storage device, and further enters the system.
OS
- Kernel, the hardware that manages all active and drive systems in the computer. After booting, the resident memory is protected.
- System calls, the system kernel exposes a series of interfaces to the user application invocation.
Bird's private cuisine--the No. 0 chapter of Computer Introduction
