Daiming (PDCA) Efficient learning, management, management

PDCA Cycle

PDCA Cycle is called the quality ring, is a general management model, the first by the Hugh Hart in 1930 conceived, and later by the United States Quality management expert Dr. Deming in 1950, and widely publicized and used in the continuous improvement of product quality process. PDCA is the English word plan (planning), do (execution), check (check) and action (actions) of the first letter, PDCA Cycle is in accordance with this order of quality management, and cycle more than the scientific process to go on.

1. P (plan) plans, including the determination of guidelines and objectives, as well as the formulation of activities planning.
2, D (DO) implementation, according to the known information, design specific methods, plans and planning layout, and then according to the design and layout, to carry out specific operations to achieve the content of the plan. 3, C (check) Check, summarize the results of the implementation plan, distinguish which is right, which is wrong, clear effect, find out the problem. 4, A (action) to review the results of the processing, the success of the experience to be affirmed, and standardized; for the lessons of failure to be summed up, attention. For unresolved issues, should be submitted to the next PDCA cycle to resolve.

PDCA Cycle is the scientific procedure that the total quality management should follow. Total Quality management activities of the whole process, is the quality planning and organization of the process of implementation, the process is in accordance with the PDCA cycle, non-stop cycle of operation. PDCA cycle is not only used in the quality management system, but also applicable to all the step-by-step management work. Modern View editor P (planning)--the planning function consists of three small parts: the goal (goal), the implementation plan (plans), the budget (budget). D (Design)--Designing the scheme and layout. PDCA Cycle   (2 sheets) C (4C)--4c Management: Check (check), Communicate (communication), clean (cleaning), control (controlled). A (2A)--act (perform, process the results of the summary inspection), AIM (Act according to the target, such as improvement, improvement). Application phase Edit 1, Planning phase. Through market research, user access and so on, to ascertain the user's product quality requirements, to determine quality policy, quality objectives and quality plans. Including the status quo investigation, analysis, determine the cause, make plans. 2, design and implementation phase. To implement the content specified in the previous phase. Conduct the training of product design, trial-manufacture, testing and planning before implementation according to quality standards. 3, the inspection stage. It is mainly during or after the execution of the plan to check the performance to see if it meets the expected results of the plan. 4, processing stage. Mainly according to the results of the inspection, to take appropriate measures. Consolidate the achievements, the success of the experience as far as possible into the standard, standardization, leaving the problem is transferred to the next PDCA cycle to solve. That is, the consolidation of measures and the next step. Cyclic process Editor Analysis of the status quo, found problems. PDCA Ring-large ring small ring   (2) analysis of various factors affecting quality problems. Identify the main reasons that affect quality problems. For the main reasons, put forward the measures to solve and implement. Check that the execution results are up to the intended target. Sum up the successful experience and set up the corresponding standard. Put unresolved or emerging issues into the next PDCA cycle to solve. The P phase establishes the necessary objectives and processes for providing results, based on customer requirements and organizational guidelines. 1. Choose the subject, analyze the present situation and find out the problem. Emphasis is on the grasp of the status quo and the awareness and ability to find problems, found that the problem is the first step to solve the problem, is the condition of analysis. New product design and development of the choice of topic scope is to meet market demand as a prerequisite to enterprise profit as the goal. At the same time also need to be based on the enterprise's resources, technology and other capabilities to determine the direction of development. The topic is the breakthrough point of this research activity, the choice of the topic is very important, if does not carry on the market research, the demonstration project feasibility, may bring the decision-making the mistake, possibly after invests the massive manpower, the material resources causes the design to openThe failure of the hair. For example: An enterprise if the market development dynamic information lack of sensitivity, may spend vigorously gas development of new products, in another enterprise is already ordinary products, will cause human, material, financial waste. Choosing a reasonable project topic can reduce the failure rate of research and development and reduce the risk of new product investment. When choosing a subject, we can use questionnaires, arrangement charts, horizontal contrast and so on, so that brainstorming can be structured to present more intuitive information and make reasonable decisions. 2, set goals, analyze the cause of the problem. It is vital to analyze the causes of problems after the problem is identified, and to use brainstorming methods such as brainstorming to find out all the causes of the problem. After clarifying the subject of research activities, it is necessary to set up an activity goal, which is to define the content and standard of the activity. Objectives can be qualitative + quantitative, can be used to quantify the number of indicators to be as quantitative as possible, can not be expressed in terms of the number of indicators to be clear. The goal is to measure the experimental effect of the indicators, so the setting should be based on the full status of the investigation and comparison to obtain. For example: the development of a new drug must be familiar with the government departments to develop new drug approval policies and standards. When setting goals, you can systematically reveal the links between the various possibilities using the correlation diagram, causal map, and the Gantt Chart to make a plan schedule so that you can determine the progress of the study and control it effectively. 3. The key to the most effective solution is to make a variety of programs and to identify the best solutions, distinguishing between the main cause and the secondary cause. Innovation is not simply the creation of innovative products, but also can include product innovation, product improvement and product imitation. The process is to set up a hypothesis, and then to verify the hypothesis, in order to find out the good material collocation, the good process parameter collocation and the craft route from some factors which influence the product characteristic. However, in reality, it is impossible to carry out all the experimental programs, so it is more efficient to optimize and determine the best scheme after proposing various schemes. The statistical quality tools can play a better role in selecting the best possible solution. The orthogonal experimental design method and the matrix diagram are the tool methods with high efficiency and good effect in the design of multiple schemes. 4, formulate countermeasures, make plans. With a good plan, the details can not be ignored, the content of the plan to be completed, the need to specify the steps of the programme, the formulation of countermeasures, clear answers to the "5w1h" in the scheme that is: why this measure (Why), achieve what goal (What), where to execute (where), Who is responsible for the completion (WHO), what time is completed (when), how to complete (how). Using process decision diagrams or flowcharts, the concrete implementation steps of the scheme will be decomposed. Phase d is to design specific action methods, plans and layouts based on the known internal and external information according to the predetermined plan and standard. Then according to the design plan and layout, carry on the concrete operation, the process that strives to achieve the anticipated goal. 1, the design of specific action methods, programs, layout, and take effective action; product quality, energy consumption, etc. are designed, through the organization of external information utilization and processing, making design and decision-making, is the most important core competencies of contemporary organizations. The level of design and decision-making determines the organization's executive power. After the completion of the strategy, the experiment and verification stage are done. In this phase, in addition to the implementation of plans and programmes, the process must be measured to ensure that the work is carried out according to schedule. At the same time, set up data collection, collect the process of the original records and data and other project documents. Phase C confirms that the implementation of the programme achieves its objectives. 1, the effect inspection, inspection verification, evaluation effect; "Subordinates only do the work you check, do not do what you want." Gerstner, IBM's former CEO, will examine the importance of validating and evaluating the effects of nail. Whether the scheme is effective or not, the results need to be examined before the conclusion can be reached. After confirming the measures to be taken, the collected evidence is summarized and analyzed, and the completion is compared with the target value to see if it achieves the predetermined target. If the expected results do not appear, you should confirm whether the implementation of the plan strictly in accordance with the plans, if it means that the response failed, it is necessary to restart the best scenario determination. A stage 1, standardization, fixed performance, standardization is the best way to maintain the status of enterprise governance, accumulation, precipitation experience, but also the basis for the continuous improvement of corporate governance level. It can be said that standardization is the power of enterprise governance system, without standardization, enterprises will not progress, or even decline. The proven effective measures should be standardized and set to work standards for later implementation and promotion. 2. Summarize the problem and deal with the remaining problems. All problems can not be solved in a PDCA cycle, the remaining problems will automatically turn into the next PDCA cycle, so, cycle, spiral rise. For the project effect is not significant or the implementation of the problems arising in the process, summary, in order to carry out a new round of PDCA cycle to provide a basis. The editing process of cyclic features is the key of PDCA cycle. Because the processing stage is to solve the existing problems, experience and learn from the stage. The focus of this phase is also on revising standards, including technical standards and management systems. Without standardization and institutionalization, it is impossible to turn the PDCA cycle forward. PDCA cycle, can make our thinking and work steps more organized, systematic, image and scientific. It has the following characteristics: 1, large ring set small ring, small environmental protection big ring, promote the big cycle. PDCA Cycle as the basic method of quality management, not only applicable to the whole project, but also to the entire enterprise and enterprise departments, sections, teams and individuals. Departments at all levels according to the objectives of the enterprise, have their own PDCA cycle, layers of circulation, the formation of large ring sets of small ring, small ring inside another set of smaller ring. The big ring is the mother and the basis of the small ring, the small ring is the decomposition and guarantee of the big ring. The small rings at all levels revolve around corporate heads.The mark rotates in the same direction. Through the cycle of the enterprise or the project of the various work organically linked to each other, synergy and promote each other. 2, continuous progress, and constantly improve. PDCA cycle is like climbing stairs, a cycle of the end, the quality of production will be improved one step, and then make the next cycle, and then run, and then improve, continue to advance, and constantly improve. 3, the road type rises. PDCA Cycle is not at the same level cycle, each cycle once, to solve a part of the problem, to achieve a part of the results, the work of the previous step, the level of progress. Each through a PDCA cycle, should be summed up, put forward a new goal, and then the second PDCA cycle, so that the quality control of the wheel rolling forward. PDCA each cycle once, the quality level and water treatment on average further. Disadvantage edit with more project management application PDCA, in the process of application found a lot of problems, because the PDCA does not contain people's creative content. He just let people how to improve the existing work, so this leads to the emergence of inertia thinking, accustomed to the PDCA people easily according to the process management system   (2)  , because there is no pressure to enable him to achieve creativity. So, PDCA has some limitations in the actual project.
The domestic practice editor of China's growth-oriented enterprises combined with their own management practices, the PDCA simplified into a 4Y management model, so that this classic theory has been a new development. 4Y that Y1 plan in place, Y2 responsibility in place, Y3 check in place, Y4 incentives in place. Plan in place: good results come from adequate prior preparation and effective synergy. Responsibility in place: the completion of the plan needs the support of action, responsibility to the talent will have real action, China's growth-oriented enterprises generally have unclear instructions, the status of unclear responsibility, so the responsibility in place. Check in place: People will not do what you expect, will only do your supervision and inspection, check in place incentive in place: there is feedback must have incentives, good newspaper will have good people, so incentives in place. Result orientation: The result determines the effective output of the enterprise, so 4Y emphasizes the result orientation. Development prospect Edit PDCA Cycle working procedure. In quality management, PDCA cycle has been widely used, and achieved very good results, so some people call PDCA cycle is the basic method of quality management. This is called the PDCA cycle, because these four processes are not run at once, but to go through the cycle. A loop is over, it solves a part of the problem, there may be other problems that have not been resolved, or there are new problems, and then the next cycle. PDCA cycle of four stages, "planning-implementation-inspection-improvement" of the PDCA Cycle management model, embodies a scientific epistemology of a specific management means and a set of scientific work procedures. PDCA Management model of the application of our daily work to improve the efficiency of a great benefit, it not only in quality management work can be used, but also suitable for other management work.