Distributed information cognition view

Location
There are two special concepts in Neo-Confucianism: geographical entities and geographical phenomena, and spatial-temporal characteristics and spatial-temporal association characteristics [1]. For the first point, these entities and phenomena represent geographical features of any scale, which can be as small
A square can also reach the whole planet. geographical entities include any geological structure formed by nature-coastline, mountains, rivers and basins, as well as the imprints of mankind-the cityCity, village, and expressway. More abundant geographical phenomena, such as floods, droughts, biological disasters, land redistribution, and urban development. Currently, most influential GIS applications are concentrated here.

For the second point, "where" is still the most classic problem. This question can either describe the location of a geographical object on the earth, or answer the geographical phenomena that exist near it, or even the development trend of itself.

By
With the ever-changing geographical information, the vast majority of the earth's friends are distributed to observers who can only be in one location on the Earth at any time. Vector Model or gate used by GIS
The Grid Model describes these distributed objects. Even if you have global geographic data at a certain time point, you still cannot get rid of the time dimension-the data is only a description of the world at a single time point. Therefore
Data is distributed in both space and time.

Currently, GIS faces many challenges, including: time and space.
Seamless integration between systems, expressions of relative space and non-meter space, expressions of non-precise geographical entities and phenomena, and coordination of multiple time and space views for different purposes and users with different needs (Helen
Couclelis 2003) [1]. One important reason for these challenges is the natural distribution of geographical phenomena and geographic object information.

In fact, distributed information collection institutions have been established before the distributed GIS, such as the World-Wide Meteorological Station System and the world-wide seismic detection system established by the World Meteorological Organization, they are all based on the generalized "distributed model ".

Therefore, we acknowledge the spatial and temporal distribution of geographic data, and use the Cognitive View of distributed information to consider and process geographic information, and apply this cognitive view to the mathematical and physical tools used by humans, is the most feasible method.

In
From the perspective of cognition, although humans can perceive geographical phenomena through cognitive functions such as perception, reasoning, and memory, geographic boundaries and geographical objects must rely on objective measures such as measurement. Measurement and Cognition
Fields are consistent in many aspects. Even if there is no functional relationship between the two, the feedback from human experience on the real world makes the inherent consciousness of human beings conform to the objective world, this theory is known as practical experience.
Lakoff g
1987) [1]. Real experience can be seen as an important basis of GIS geographic expression. It was introduced into cartography in 1970s and used the "stimulus-response" relational model to study the use of graphs.
The psychological-physical reaction of the person reading the graph [13].

The Distributed Information cognitive view can be seen as an extension of the realistic empirical model.
Space entities and domains. "Space entities" are generally abstracted as points, lines, faces, and bodies. They are used to describe independent and discrete vector objects, which emphasize location attributes, for example, the location of a building.
Describes a range, that is, the characteristics of the "field". The "Domain" emphasizes the common spatial attributes of multiple objects, such as the river basin and the distribution zone of a certain plant. Both "space entity" and "Domain" are distributed.
Is a small area in terms of the overall (the whole earth.

GIS, as a graphical tool that reflects the real world, is bound
Currently, people are increasingly aware of the influence of spatial concepts in the GIS era, there must be four interrelated methods-philosophical, mathematical, physical, and geographic [1].
In the history of GIS development, the most direct sources of GIS technologies, including cartography, computer-aided design, landscape architecture and remote sensing science, [1] have obtained a solid foundation from Euclidean ry, analytic ry and other mathematical tools.
. Even the Cartography with the greatest impact on GIS still rely on the two-dimensional coordinate system of the flute or other two-dimensional coordinate systems to express the real world. Although these methods exist, such as static, flat, and two-dimensional
Features such as timeline, but it still meets the needs of reality.

The Distributed Geographic Information System (D-GIS) is built on the basis of the distributed cognitive model, it conforms to the information characteristics of the real world, it also meets the needs of the "digital earth" and "Digital City" construction process.

At a higher level, the concept of distributed computing (distributed GIS) is more suitable for complex system structures and involves modern organizations in various disciplines, in addition, users can be more included in information management activities [1].

The connotation of distributed GIS is far more than distributed GIS databases and data replication, it is a distributed collaboration of all types of GIS tasks-GIS data publishing and sharing, network-based editing, applications, and geographic knowledge management. Therefore, it is the inevitable development of GIS.

[1] Paul. longley M. f. goodchild D. j. maguire D. w. rhind. geographic information system (volume-up)-principles and technology [M]. beijing: Electronics Industry Press 2004.9

[13] Li Lun, Liu Yu, Zhang Jing, and others. Geographic Information System-principles, methods, and applications [M]. Beijing: Science Press 2001.2