Project design and scope management (notes)

I. project portfolio management and project selection)

In essence, project management is a strategic management capability, mainly reflected in three aspects: ability to integrate organizational resources, ability to satisfy customers, and ability to manage changes. It is the future development direction of organizational management, in the context of modern society and business, project design and management must be carried out under the guidance of the organizational strategy.

The term "strategy" has existed since ancient times. The term "war" is used separately from "slightly". "war" refers to combat and war, and "slightly" refers to preparation, strategy, and plan. Strategic Thoughts and competitive ideas have been profoundly and centrally elaborated in Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sun Yi's Art of War, Sima FA, and other works.

The enterprise strategy theory originated in 1930s and was formed between 60 and 60 ~ In 1970s, developed countries in the west developed rapidly and adapted to the urgent needs of the development of modern enterprise management.

Representative definitions of Enterprise Strategies:

1. Strategy is a systematic concept and the only one.

2. strategy is to break down into sub-strategies and planning plans.

3. Strategy is a well-planned and advantageous position (favorable and competitive) and strategy.

4. Strategy is a personal concept (foresight)

5. Strategy is an ideology (personal concept)

6. Strategy is a model and unique.

7. Strategy is the form and location of politics and collaboration, as well as a public and secret strategy.

8. Strategy is a collective concept and unique.

9. Strategy is a special position and depends on the situation.

Strategic management includes the following content:

1. Determine the business direction of the enterprise and clarify the business scope and guiding ideology of the enterprise.

2. Identify and develop the internal strength of an enterprise, understand the strengths and weaknesses of various internal conditions, the quality of the enterprise, and the ways to improve the quality.

3. Analyze the external environment of the enterprise.

4. select a group of specific long-term business objectives and business strategies from the strategic height in the compliant plan.

5. Based on the long-term business objectives and strategies, propose the recent business objectives and strategies.

6. Make a budget for resource allocation, designate a recent business plan, and put it into practice.

7. Performance Evaluation, detection of new development trends, implementation of corrective adjustment measures, and this serves as another round-robin input for decision-making.

Strategic Management Level

1. enterprise strategy or overall strategy

2. Business (Business Department) strategy

3. functional strategy

4. Business Operation Strategy

Strategic management process

The strategic management process includes three steps: strategic analysis, strategic customization, and strategic implementation.

1. Strategic Analysis

1. Determine the company's mission and objectives

2. External Environment Analysis

3. Internal Condition Analysis

2. strategy selection and evaluation phase

First, customize the Strategy Selection Scheme

Step 2 evaluate the strategic alternatives.

Step 3: select a strategy

3. Strategy implementation and control

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Some representative schools of western enterprise strategy

1. The design school appeared in the United States in 1960s, including seznick and Chandler. The evaluation architecture of the design school's party strategy includes:

1. Consistency

2. Coordination

3. Advantages

4. Feasibility

The SWOT model of the basic framework of the design school emphasizes that the evaluation of the external environment should clarify the opportunities and threats, and summarize the internal conditions to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of the Organization.

2. The representative of the positioning school is Professor Michael Potter from Harvard Business School.

1. Cost Advantage strategy

2. Product Differentiation

3. Centralized Operation

3. The entrepreneurial school originated from economics and represented by Joseph Schumpeter.

In 4.1990, prahailard and hammer introduced core competitiveness, a concept with significant impact, into the management field.

5. david, USA. j. CORIS, sinsia. a. montgomery put forward a broad definition for enterprise strategy: the so-called enterprise strategy is a way for enterprises to create value by coordinating and configuring or constructing their activities in multiple markets.

1. It places special emphasis on value creation as the ultimate goal of enterprise strategy.

2. It pays attention to the multi-market scope (configuration or structure) of the enterprise.

3. emphasize coordination

6. michael. porter commented on the meaning and significance of "corporate strategy" in the Harvard Business Review in the United States in. He said that "strategy" first is positioning, and second is trade-offs, third, "establish a naming convention between various operations of an enterprise ".

Project design definition

Project design is a management process that involves people other than the project team and relevant project stakeholders before the project plan starts. 1. Ensure that the combination and selection of projects are in line with the strategic objectives of the organization (macro)

2. Analyze the project environment, determine the successful factors of the project, and analyze the stakeholders of the project.

3. Identify and define customer requirements.

4. define and evaluate the project value.

5. Determine the project's logical framework indicators

6. Understand the project objectives and define the deliverables of the project.

7. design the framework of project evaluation.

 

2. project portfolio management and project selection

 

The concept of portfolio management comes from the financial field, Harry. in 1952, Markovitz founded the modern asset portfolio theory (MPT), "don't put all the eggs in one basket." It is the reality of this idea.

A project combination is to effectively manage a group of projects and their related work to meet the strategic objectives of the Organization.

The project combination process is characterized by uncertainty of information, continuous renewal, dynamic opportunity, multi-objective strategic consideration, dependency between projects, decision-making and diversity of fields ., Portfolio Management adopts top-down management.

Purpose of project portfolio management:

1. achieve strategic consistency

2. Introduce a consistent and unified project evaluation and selection mechanism within the Organization.

3. Group, observe, analyze, and manage projects to ensure that the project results are optimized when the Organization's resources are constrained.

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Category of Enterprise internal project portfolio

1. Basic Projects

2. Transaction Projects

3. Information Projects

4. Strategic projects

Project Portfolio Management Process

Phase 1: sort and select an alternative project

1. Collect project information (start time, estimated cost, business objectives, ROI and Related Business Returns)

2. Evaluate alternative projects.

3. Sort the values and benefits of the project.

Stage 2: Project Portfolio Maintenance Management

1. Evaluate the performance of a single project.

2. Evaluate the performance of a project combination. Generally, a bubble chart and a resource capacity computing table are used to balance the project nature and resource configuration.

Risk/benefit bubble chart

Decision gateway Management

It is used for a conceptual and operational process from conception to project initiation for a new product project. Its main purpose is to make management decisions more efficient and optimized in the Process of new product development.

Basic stage of project selection

1. Project conception stage

2. Feasibility study phase

3. Self-evaluation stage

4. expert evaluation stage

5. Sort registration stage

Project Management Office

In general, PMO is composed of the following two groups:

1. Project Management Expert

2. Project Analyst

Create a pmo target

1. impact on project processes (improving project quality, shortening project time, reducing scope changes, reducing project risks, accelerating responses to market opportunities, enhancing team spirit, and strengthening project activity Supervision)

2. influence of PMo on organizational resources (improving project benefits, optimizing project portfolios, providing methods for project cost management, planning reports and tracking, and reducing project costs)

3. influence of PMo on organizational strategy ()

PMO Functions

1. Conduct project report

2. Conduct project management training

3. Customize project management methods

4. Develop a project management tool

5. Summary and review of the project

6. Provide support for the report of the Project Manager.

3. Understand the Project Environment

Criteria for project success

In terms of project management, success includes at least two meanings: the degree of success of the project itself and the degree of satisfaction of the project stakeholders. Whether the project is successful can be measured by four criteria

1. Implementation of Project Objectives

2. customer benefits

3. Direct contribution

4. Future Opportunities

There are many factors that affect project success. Reasonable project organization, efficient project teams, scientific project management methods, and successful change management are the four most important factors that affect project success.

Project stakeholder analysis

With research, the word stakeholder recorded in the Oxford dictionary first appeared in 1780, which indicates that people "bet" (have a stake) in an activity or organization ), withdraw or lose money in the course of activity or organization operation. Western management experts divide stakeholders into three levels

1. The first layer is the most widely defined definition. That is, anyone, organization, or institution with an organizational interest is a stakeholder.

2. The second level of definition is a little narrower, that is, all people living groups that have direct relationships with the Organization are stakeholders.

3. The third layer has the strictest definition. He believes that only people or groups that place a "bet" in the Organization are stakeholders.

Project stakeholder category

1. Source project stakeholders. Is the person or organization that will eventually be affected by the project.

2. Derivative project stakeholders.

It can also be divided into internal and external project stakeholders.

Key Project stakeholders refer to those who can have an important impact on the project.

Implementation steps of Project stakeholder analysis

1. compile the project stakeholder list.

2. Compile a project stakeholder information table

3. Project stakeholder analysis.

4. Identify risk assumptions that affect project design and success

5. formulate relevant policies.

Iv. project requirements and values

Customer requirement analysis

Requirement is the main cause and start factor of the project.

Requirement level

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Five layers are proposed:

1. physiological needs

2. Security Requirements

3. Social networking needs

4. Respect demand

5. self-fulfillment requirements

Analysis Steps of Project customer requirements

1. Preparations

2. Communicate with customer representatives

3. analyze potential needs through Phenomena

4. customer requirement information verification and in-depth interviews

5. Prepare the customer requirement analysis report

A good customer requirement report generally has the following features:

1. Determine and arrange customer requirements, and convert customer requirements into technical routes for project requirements/projects.

2. Use natural language to describe project requirements.

3. Present customer needs using charts and charts.

4. make predictions about the future development of customer requirements, and develop a project requirement tracking system.

5. determine the distribution list of the Demand Analysis Report

Product features can be divided into the following categories

1. categorized by importance into basic functions and auxiliary functions

2. categorized by customer requirements, including necessary functions and unnecessary functions

3. categories by nature, including usage and aesthetic features.

Application of Quality Function Deployment (QFD) model in project design

According to the general situation, three widely accepted models have been formed: Japan's comprehensive QFD model, American supplier Association's four-phase model, and goal/qpc model.

Concept of Quality House

House of quality is the most frequently used conversion matrix in QFD and the core of the entire QFD process. A typical Quality House is a large matrix consisting of six parts

A: customer requirements

B: Project Plan Matrix

C: project requirements

D: Technology Matrix

E: Technical Matrix

F: relational matrix

Four-phase QFD Model

1. Convert customer requirements into project requirements

2. Transform project requirements into the characteristics of Project Deliverables

3. Transform the features of project deliverables into project activities

4. Convert project activities into quality assurance measures of the project.

Application of Value Management in project management

What is value?

1. It is considered a fair and reasonable equivalent exchange of goods, services, or money.

2. the purpose or importance of a thing corresponding to its occupation, useful or beneficial

3. A principle, standard, or quality deemed useful or accepted.

Value= Meet the requirements (users require deliverables of the project)/resources used (the work carried out by the project to meet the requirements)

According to the formula, to increase the value of a certain item, we must start from the following five aspects:

1. meet the same requirements and reduce resource usage

2. resource usage remains unchanged to meet more requirements

3. Meet More requirements and reduce resource usage (ideal)

4. Increased resource usage to meet more functions

5. Meet fewer requirements and reduce resource usage.

One of the purposes of applying value management in the process of project design is to identify and define the value orientation related to project customers and key project utilization.

Systematic and open information collection methods, such as collective discussion and brainstorming, can be applied to value management during project design.