What is "zhimozhou"

What is "zhimozhou"

Zhang Shubin

 

In the history of China, there was an administrative system known as the "detention state. Ningxia is a major region in history where "zhicang state" is set up. Therefore, when studying the local history of Ningxia, problems related to "zhicang state" are often encountered. What is "zhima Prefecture "? The historian has long explained that the ancient imperial court was set up in a remote and ethnic minority area. Because of its conventional governance, it is different from the general state and county, which is equivalent to the current ethnic minority autonomous region. There is no error in this explanation. However, in such an explanation, we only say it, but do not say it. For a national system, why should we use the word "detention? This is a question that people who read history often ask, and it seems that no one has ever explained it. Why does no one explicitly explain the word "detention? I speculate that this word is too simple to be explained in ancient times, so there is no comment in ancient books. Since the historical development and language environment have changed, this simple word has become a strange word, and no one can understand its original intention.

On September 2015, wuzhong city held a "lingzhou Union and national friendship historical tradition Seminar" which invited well-known history experts and scholars from all over the country to attend. I was lucky enough to attend this conference. During group discussions at the meeting, the author elaborated on why the system of "zhima Prefecture" is called "zhima ". The speech aroused great interest and response from experts and scholars, and I suggest you publish it in public. Here we will sort out the content of the speech to help readers.

First of all, the author dared to answer questions that could not be explained by experts and scholars. Instead, he wrote an ancient slang poem: "near water, fish, near the forest bird music. To learn about things in the mountains, ask the hacker ." There are two ways to inherit culture: one is to spread the text, and the other is to pass the word of mouth from the People's generation. Some things have not been circulated in the text, but they have been circulated in the civil society. Experts and scholars often master the book knowledge and do not necessarily know about the spread of the people. Therefore, they are not only College scholars who have learned how to get rich and learn how to get better, there is nothing to do when I encounter something that I have never touched before. "Easy in the Civil Society", for example, villagers and elders can sometimes tell questions that cannot even be answered by experts and scholars at the master level. Such examples are ancient. For example, in Tang ZhangJi's Poem "Send Li ride Cao lingzhou ", "Xi Yu" is in the dark, and the wild horse is shocked, in the poem "Zheng Peng out of hanse, returning to Hu Tian", Tang Wang Wei refers to a certain plant. But which plant is specific? This is one of the two words that cannot be clearly annotated in any poetry-annotated book (except the book that has been commented by the author), but the author can answer the question; another example is the title of the unearthed national treasure-level cultural relics named "Bronze Ice" by the historian, I dare to write a negative article. This is not a good idea for the author, but because I am a "near water" from the people, "near Forest", who knows how to cut firewood in the mountains. It is just for this reason that we can explain the term "detention.

"Token" is interpreted as "1. 2 bind. 3. Containment. 4 constraints. 5. 6. "(for details, see the" source of resignation (revised) "published by the business press office (1352, pp ). In the term "zhima", these six kinds of credit should be involved in five other words except "5 Fa"; "Bei" is interpreted: "1 nose rope. 2 constraint ......" (For details, see the "source of resignation (revised)" published by the Business Printing Museum (July 1988 pp. Of the first version 1-4 of 1335 ).

We can see that the above two comments are extended from the first one. The first interpretation of these two words refers to the bound livestock ropes, which have similar meanings. Put these two words ("Words") together to form the double single-byte word "Zhiming", which is called the word creation method of "mutual text" in rhetoric, that is, the meanings of the two words in the same word are different. That is to say, "detention" refers to the rope used to restrain and restrain livestock. It is a noun term. If the term is used, it is to use the cages, nose ropes and other ropes to restrain, restrain, and restrain livestock.

Then, what is the association between the term "detention" and the Ethnic Minority system? This requires an understanding of a type of grazing. Livestock have been friends of humans since ancient times, and livestock are inseparable from grazing. The word "Mu" is "cow" on the left, and "hand" ("again") is holding a branch, which means that people drive their livestock to the grass with a whip, this is called "Mu ". Grazing is divided into two forms. One is "group grazing", which means that a group of animals are driven by a shepherd to graze on the grass. The Shepherd is responsible for blocking and restraining the animals and preventing them from running around, in order to avoid loss or waste crops in the ground. The other is "Shan mu", that is, when there is only one livestock, it is a great waste of labor, especially in the case of a lack of labor. So people use a long rope, tied to a horse head (or ox-nose), and fixed one end on a lawn. In this way, the livestock will take the rope as a radius on the grass, and take the "fixed point" of the rope as the garden, and graze themselves in such a "Garden" area. At this time, the livestock are both free, that is, they want to eat grass, and they want to rest and rest. If you want to walk and eat, you can walk and eat. When you stand and eat the grass standing in a place, you can move your nest to continue eating. If you want to run and play, you can run and run on the grass, if you want to rest and raise your spirits, you can lie on the grass and see them ...... In short, livestock are "autonomous" ("free") and are not subject to human constraints. However, livestock are constrained because they only act in the "Garden" with a long rope radius. If they want to leave the "Garden", they will be held by the ropes. People refer to this "Single-grazing" livestock method as "livestock", or "livestock" for short ". If you ask a university professor "What is livestock?", you cannot answer the question. However, when you visit the village staff to visit the village, almost everyone can answer the question.

The "state of detention" system is a metaphor for using the "livestock" method to manage the degraded or conquered ethnic minorities. Specifically, it is to define a region (equivalent to the "Garden" on the grass) for it, and the court appointed an official officer as the chief officer (equivalent to the "rope" of the livestock "). Under such principle, ethnic minorities can live and live freely according to their production and lifestyle and their customs and habits. Because they live and survive in the way of their own nation, they can be said to give ethnic minorities the freedom of "autonomy", but this "autonomy" cannot break through the defined regional scope, it is subject to some restrictions from the court. Therefore, it is an extremely vivid metaphor to name such a system by using "Zhiming. As a result, I learned about the form of a single-animal-husbandry livestock, so that I can know why it is called the "zhima state. It is really a metaphor of the image.

Speaking of this, it should be clear how a system is called "detention. However, some people may question this question: "in this way, we use the term" livestock management "to compare the management of ethnic minorities, is there any discriminatory or even abusive nature of Ethnic Minorities (the author immediately raised questions from experts and scholars after the speech at that meeting, and I answered them on the spot )? The answer here is the opposite.

Today, if we compare humans to animals, it is an insult and abuse. But in ancient times, if we compared humans to animals, they would be honorable and glorious. In the era of extremely low productivity, farming people must use animal farming to survive, while nomadic people must use animal mounts to defeat the harsh natural environment, they all treat animals as God watching and waiting. Today, we can still see that in the temples of Han nationality, there are "Prince Niu" and "Prince Ma", who refer to cows and horses as "Ye. What is "ye? He is a grandfather, also known as "Wang Fu". He means that his grandfather is "Wang" in his family ". In the next family under the old system, "Ye" is the Supreme Commander, the most admired and respected person of the whole family, and has the supreme power. The name of the ox and the horse is "ye", which shows that his position in society has reached "ye" and he is given to the temple as a god. What else can we say about "discrimination", "slander", and "insults? We do not know much about the worship of ethnic minorities, but we can also know that some ethnic minorities use livestock as a "totem", and their status is as high as that of chongzhen. Therefore, the words used for livestock can be used in the National Ethnic Minority system. In history, they are definitely not a negative word, but rather a very good word. If you use such a word, the corresponding ethnic minorities will naturally be "not ashamed of the people and proud of the people. Till today, idioms such as the "Dragon and horse spirit" and "old scalper spirit" are still in use. It does not mean that animals are used to represent people and there will be no negative meanings.

At this time, someone may ask: The above is a "horse" or a "Ox", but the word "livestock" also contains a "donkey ", the reputation of the donkey is not as good as that of the horse and the ox. It is a word for livestock. Of course, it should be included in the donkey. This is still a word of disrespect. If you think so, then it will be wrong again.

First of all, the word "zhima" is derived from the horse and Ox, so it is enough to explain the relationship between the horse, Ox and the "zhima. To put it back, even if the donkey is included in the object of "detention", it does not affect the respect of ancient people for livestock. Do not know that in ancient times, donkeys were more respected than cows and horses. Due to space limitations, there is no need to talk about the topic here. I have published an article about "things", which can be attached to the article and can be used as a comment in this article, if you are interested, you can read it.

The above is my interpretation of the term "detention. Therefore, the point of view in this article is entirely from the people, so there is no reference to the document, and it is entirely explained in plain language. Please do not laugh with "soil.

 

October 2018

Author's contact number: 13905568677

 

Appendix: Suwon

Miscellaneous)

Tanu

Zhang Shubin

 

During a chat with his friend Zhao qijun, Mr. Zhao had a macro talk about "donkey. Mr. Zhao is a military man rather than a scholar. However, when talking about comparison between the tiger and the donkey in the year of the tiger, he is not arrogant, he is wise, and he is talkative. After hearing this, I admire and feel the same way. Inspired by him, he wrote an essay titled "The Year of the Tiger. It may be because the year of the tiger talks about the tiger, and the reason why the word "the year of the tiger talks about the tiger" is out of date is not awkward. After the manuscript is issued, it is never used. However, Mr. Zhou Yongxiang, wenyou, suggested to the author that he could use the original sentence "Wind roar, horse scream" in the lyrics of the Yellow River chorus as "Wind roar, I am calling the "manager" and other content to make the article more plump. As a result, the original article will be updated and modified on the day of stealing the free time, but the "Year of the tiger" has been migrated over time, just say "Words of the donkey.

The ass is just a cool and honest animal. In the traditional aesthetic psychology of mankind, it is the object of being hated and denied. Therefore, it is difficult to enter the elegant hall of literature. Compared with tigers, it seems that they are not in the same day. Let's talk about the tiger's idioms. It's a treasure of the treasure. It's like a tiger's wings, a tiger's wings, a tiger's head and a tiger's brain, a tiger's back and a bid, a tiger's wind, a tiger's head, a tiger's eye; the derogatory form is as follows: difficult to ride a tiger, treasure a tiger, a tiger's head a snake, a fake tiger, a treasure a tiger, a treasure for a tiger, a wolf, a wolf nest; neutral is like a wolf, a two-tiger fight, a tiger's mouth pulling, a fight, a fierce fight, a tiger fear, a tiger fear, not a tiger. In comparison with Ma, Ma is also an animal of Human Service, and there are also many horse idioms, such as horse success, horse-to-horse corpse, horse-to-horse spirit, and so on; neutral is like a careless person, a powerful person, a pawn, a cannon, and so on. However, it seems that the donkey is not enough to talk about it. It is difficult to find an idiom related to the donkey, and it is difficult to search for it. I only find the word "poor technology, the rest is often heard of derogatory terms such as "Dummies", "donkey", "Benzene donkey", "blind donkey", and "donkey.

Because the donkey is an object that people hate and deny, it does not seem to be in a high proportion to the horse. Let's just talk about horse dung and horse dung. No matter in shape or in the table, they are completely unique. If you encounter this thing in the field, there is almost no difference between the horse dung and the horse dung. But when people look at people or things that are not used in the metaphor, they only say "the surface light of the donkey dung egg", and no one says "the surface light of the horse dung egg. It can be seen that only the word "donkey" can reveal its derogatory significance. Besides, tigers are not necessarily older than donkeys, and they are not necessarily older than donkeys. However, tigers are called tigers ", even the newly-born tigers will be called "Tigers". The donkeys may not be smaller in size or age, but are often called "small ", it's called a "little donkey", and it's still called a "little donkey ".

In the eyes of people, if the status of the donkey is so low, compare the donkey with the tiger. The call of the tiger is gloomy and daunting, but it is praised as "the tiger is born with the wind". In addition, the call of the tiger is tied with that of the human-worship figure Yunlong, which is called "the tiger Xiaolong Yin "; the sound of the donkey was very loud, but it was listed as one of the "Four difficulties". When describing how hard the voice was to be heard, he said, "It is more difficult to hear than the donkey ". What's more, we say that the bid of a donkey is tied to the most annoying dog, and that it is a "bid of a donkey ".

Tigers are so arrogant that no one dares to provoke them. They are daunting, but they are called "huwei". The donkey is gentle and well-behaved, and the man can ride and fight against others, A little stubborn, I was dismissed as a "stubborn temper ".

The tiger does not need to work and eat, neither to pull the mouse or to pull the car, let alone let people ride, not even touch it, "the tiger's ass cannot touch ". Training tiger, followed by good words and mutual persuasion, with fresh meat and food. Once the tiger was moved by the trainer and dared to ride it, it became a "star". The shipping cars were run everywhere, and the price of tickets soared, so people rushed to watch and take a look. Tigers do not work, but they want to eat well. They do not eat meat, do not drink blood, and eat people without blinking. They only serve as a piece of cake.

The donkey provides services for people for life, such as grinding and grinding, driving dung, carrying firewood and water, ploughing and farming, and putting people on the road. Men, women, adults, and children can ride and work hard. Training donkey, always forced, swearing, with a whip stick. The donkey has been domesticated, but it has never been difficult to climb to the elegant hall. Some people once shipped the donkey ship to Guizhou, but no one watched it. "As soon as it was available", they had to leave it in the wild. When the donkey was bored, he shouted, but was said to be "poor ". The donkey never hurt people. Even an ant did not intentionally step on the dead, but devoted all his labor gains to humans. However, it only eats "edges" such as discarded Mustard bran ", I have never had a bad meal in my life.

Tigers are selfish, killing other animals is extremely fierce, and even the "children" of other people are not spared. However, they never eat their own "children" and are called "Tigers are not poisonous "; the donkey was selfless and went to the ground to eat the crops of another person, whether they were from home or from other people's home. "The donkey is the most reasonable, and he can catch the guy who eats the food ." This is a review of the Donkey:

Hu He gong He de? They were honored as gods. They joined the poems for painting and hung on the walls to worship them. Even the name of the child is "Tiger". Some are "tiger", some are "tiger", some are "Zhang Hu", and some are "Wang Hu; it is harder to write poems. However, a big painter named Huang Yu was famous for his paintings, but he painted only collection objects. No one hangs on the walls of the house. No one named the child with the word "donkey", not "Big donkey", not "little donkey", or "Li donkey, there is no "Zhao. However, there is a character in the opera "dou yuanzheng" called "Zhang luer". It is a negative role of a drama writer, and it is impossible to have such a name in history.

The donkey is not only a hard-working life for mankind, but also a good dish to be slaughtered and eaten by people, so there has been "the dragon meat in the sky, the horse meat in the ground" since ancient times. Even the Donkey Skin is made of gelatin, which is a traditional Chinese medicine. So far, agricultural machinery has been developed, and transportation is convenient. the service function of donkey meat in rural areas has disappeared, but the function of donkey meat as a food on the table has not been reduced. In large cities, the seller of Donkey Meat Museum has also played "to live a long life, eat donkey meat, to be healthy, drink donkey soup "advertisement signboard. Although the donkey has done a lot of "nothing but death" to humans, its reputation cannot be good.

An unfair understanding of donkey bias is just a modern Chinese, not in the United States. The Democratic Party of the United States believes that the donkey is actually a smart and courageous animal, so the donkey as the Party emblem, it can be seen in its mind the lofty status.

In fact, in the minds of the ancient Chinese, the status of the donkey is also very recognized. Many people not only like to listen to the sound of a donkey, but also like to learn the name of a donkey. The donkey is a common material in the literary Palace and poetry paintings, and many cherish the palm of your ass.

As early as in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were three poets: Wang Yu (Zhong Xuan), SUN Chu (zi Zi Jing), and Wang Ji (zi Wu Zi). Among them, Wang Yu had the highest literary achievement, poetry ranks first among the seven sons of Jianan, and later generations compare it with Cao Zhi, collectively referred to as "Cao Wang ". This Wang Yu is fond of listening to the donkey. Wang Yu died, and Wei Wendi personally led the person to mourn. Before the spirit, he said to the people who went with him: Wang Yu prefers to hear the donkey scream, so we will each learn a donkey and call it to express our condolences. So everyone learns to scream. Liu Yiqing, Song Man of the South Dynasty, "a new saying of the World", "a wounded death", recorded this story in a technical record: "Wang Zhongxuan haomu Ming. When the emperor was lost, Gu Yu and Yu said: 'wang haomiao, can each make a speech to send to them, 'and all the guests will make a donkey ." The emperor also learned the name of the donkey himself. It can be seen that the name of the donkey was very high at that time. It is also recorded in the "Shi Shuo Xin Yu" that sun chuyu has his talents and few people admire him, but he is the only one who can admire him. Wang Ji is dead, and people are all hanging. "No one is famous ". Sun Chu went late and cried sadly before he came to Wang Ji's corpse. He was very touched by the guests and said, "No tears are needed ". Cry, Sun Tzu Jing said to Wang Wuzi's spiritual bed: I often like to hear me learn what I want to call. Today I want to learn from him again. Sun chuxue's donkey is called Wei miaoxiao, just like a real donkey ("It looks like a real sound"). All the guests laughed and said they were comforting Wang Wuzi's soul.

When the emperor Gongqing and friends and family members are in mourning, they are still in mourning like a donkey. the only thing they can see is "good donkey." When it was not Wang Zhongxuan, there were many people, become a "Wei Jin style ". This shows that the reputation of the donkey is still highly respected in ancient times.

The Prosperous Tang Dynasty in the feudal society was the flourishing Chinese literature, especially poetry. In the Tang Dynasty, the donkey was still favored by poets. The Tang Dynasty poet jia dao "knocking on the donkey and the snow", "riding the donkey and playing the Yin" story, this is well known. At that time, there was a lot of people, not Jia Island, but on the back of the donkey. This may be because the donkey is gentle and well-behaved, riding on the mountains and playing with water, walking slowly, or walking on the mountain path, or wandering on the forest-shade Lake, the donkey can not be surprised, leisurely and leisurely, it is helpful for the poet to recite poems while enjoying the scenes. Otherwise, people say, "riding a donkey watching a book is walking." No one said, "riding a horse watching a book is walking ".

There are many stories about the creation of Poems by riding donkeys in the Tang Dynasty. The most typical examples are Jia Dao, Li He, and Meng Jiao. Let's take a look at Jia Dao's poems: there are "Jun junsheng Ma, Dong Chuan Road, Wu Yu", and "Xie Ling Hu xianggong, Wu Yi, Wu Shi" in sending Ling Hu xianggong's poems: "outside the Yangtze River, the main thin cross-donkey back "," send friends of the Nanling "in the" Young Yue Ma concentric, lest poetry cross-donkey ". The poems of JIA Dao "fail to ride the donkey into the screen" until the late Qing dynasty were the subject of the famous painter Ren Yi (berian) "riding the donkey and knocking on the poem. Let's look at the story of Li He's "jinghuo poetry. In the biography of Li Changji (LI He-zi), Li Shangyin wrote: "Every sunrise and zhugong tour ...... Heng from the slaves, riding distance from the donkey, back an ancient gold bag, in case of income, that is, the book into the bag. And mugui, the Lady of the lady let the Hacker get out of the bag, the wind book many, often said: "Is the child to vomit when the heart is ready. 'The lamp and food, Changji from the book, research ink stacked paper enough into his bag. ." Meng Jiao is a famous poet with Jia Dao in the middle and Tang Dynasties. Later generations are referred to as "shorse" in the suburbs. Like JIA Dao, Meng Jiao's poems are close to the donkey. According to the Late Tang Dynasty poet Lu guimeng's book Li He's little Biography: mengjiao was used as a Wei in Liyang County, and more than 10 miles in the south of the county is the site of the ancient city of Liyang. "The city is quiet, and the climate is ancient city ", "dongye (Meng Jiao alias) forgot to return to, or compare to, or between, take the donkey to receive the Xiao Li Jing Jin Yi to one. To, the Yin big oak, hidden rocks, sitting next to the water, bitterly to the west, and then continue to go. ." From the above we can see that Jia, Li, and Meng are obsessed with the three poets, such as Meng Jiao, who are keen to ride the donkey and write poems to make their official business relaxed ("Cao Wu is more relaxed and abolished ").

Like Jia, Li, and Meng, Shi Sheng Du Fu and Li Bai also have many poems related to donkeys, which are not described in detail. These countless examples all illustrate a problem. In ancient times, the donkey was not an object that people hated and denied, but a beloved "Mount" and "companion" of the poet's name ", as an important creative subject for poets and painters. Even Zhang Guo, one of the eight immortals, loves to ride a donkey.

What makes a donkey more appealing should be its cry, which is an uncomparable "male ". "The donkey is singing, the tiger is hacking" (Liu Zongyuan) ", it can be seen that the king of the donkey's cry can also be shocked, not to mention people? It is a pity that with the fame of the donkey, in ancient times, the hot ass can be more touching, but in modern times it cannot be recognized. The well-known song "Yellow River Chorus" is a masterpiece of the famous musician Xing Hai composing, Zhang lightyears (that is, the light is not yet. "The wind is screaming, the horse is screaming, and the Yellow River is roaring ......" The lyrics, Zhang Lightyear was not originally written as "the horse is calling", but as "the donkey is calling. Why did Zhang lightyears regard the donkey as the object of praise? In the past, he used the realism pen to write the truth. In that year (November 1938), he led the rival cast team to move to the anti-Japanese base area of luliangshan, passing through the hukou of the Yellow River, and heard that "the water of the Yellow River has come up, and it has no time to go back to the sea" (Tang Li Bai Shi) "Autumn wind rolled up a thousand waves, ushered in the red of the night" (Ming-Chen weifan poetry) spectacular scene, can not help but float to join, Wen siquyong, the epic "Yellow River Yin" (later adapted to the "Yellow River Chorus") was born. During his hearing at that time, in addition to the roar of the storm and the roar of the Yellow River, there was also the scream of a donkey. In the past, due to the fire, all the local horses were enlisted in the army to fight for a "War Horse". Only one of the former troops was running on the mountain road carrying ammunition and food. The scream of the donkey is mixed with the roar of the storm and the roar of the Yellow River to form a thrilling "Symphony". Therefore, Zhang lightyears wrote "The wind is roar, the donkey is screaming, the Yellow River is roaring ......". Later, after reading the first draft written by Dr. Zhang Lightyear, he thought that "the image of the donkey is slightly unsightly". He suggested to change "the donkey is called" to "the horse is called ". It's just the prejudice of congratulations! This is what we see today's singing "The wind is screaming, the horse is screaming, and the Yellow River is roaring. This change has changed the momentum of the song, but it is not fair to say that it is the sorrow of the donkey, and it is not fair to say that the donkey is a good reputation for the frontline and the back of the War of Resistance against Japanese aggression!
If you say that you want to draw your ass, it's nothing more than Huang Miao. Among the famous painters in China, painting an animal is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. In addition to Qi Baishi's shrimps and Xu Beihong's paintings, they are just a few donkeys. Huang Yi has made countless paintings in his life, and is the best painter. Therefore, he is known as the world-famous "painter ". Under Huang Yu's pen, A wide range of works are shown in the following figure: "Girl rush figure", "Old Han Mu donkey map", "Double donkey map", "Three donkey map", "Four donkey map", "Five donkey map", "Six donkey map ", "Seven donkeys", "eight donkeys", "Nine donkeys", and "group donkeys "...... the spirit, spirit, and God of the donkey are vividly painted, and the fire is pure, and the spirit is superb. It can be seen how much he loves the donkey. Why did Mr. Huang put his life on his ass. In fact, he has been with him for a long time. In his early years, Zhao Wangyun went to Qinchuan, a vast area of Xinjiang to write a sketch. The most animal he saw was the donkey, so he was most impressed with the donkey. After joining the army, the resident residents of the Army raised donkeys in every household. Huang Yi helped the workers learn how to raise donkeys. During the Cultural Revolution, Huang Yu was put into a "cowshed" and put on his donkey for three years. After a long period of contact with the donkey, he joined the donkey as a friend, and talked with the donkey, I have a deep impression and emotion on my ass. Mr. Huang believes that the donkey is a loyal friend of mankind and bluntly says, "The donkey is better than others ". You know, Huang Miao!

Zhao Qian, a friend of mine, said with a sigh of relief: "Tigers are respected because they eat tigers and everyone is afraid of them. Donkeys are bullied and scolded because they do not eat donkeys, no one is afraid of it." Profound! I only hope that one day I will be able to beat a tiger, so that the donkey will have a bright start.

 

In 2011, it was rewritten by Wu zhongsiqizhai.

 

 

 

 

What is "zhimozhou"