Frequently used terminology (single-chip microcomputer/hard/soft)

Hardware:

Microprocessor (MPU, up ):
A device composed of a computer's processor and a controller integrated into a chip is called a microprocessor, also known as a central processing unit (CPU, central processing uint). a cpu is the brain of a computer system, various logical and arithmetic operations, program execution, and generation of various control signals are implemented. Other components in the computer system are coordinated under the command of the CPU.

Microcomputer:
The CPU (including the controller and memory), memory, input/output ports, power circuits, and other components are assembled into a computer consisting of a micro-chassis.

Single Board Microcomputer:
Assemble the CPU, program memory, data memory, Timer/counter, input/output port, Simple keyboard, LED display, power circuit, and other components of the central processor into a Printed Circuit Board (PCB, print circuit board. For example, to Z80 CPU as the core of the application of a wide range of TP-801 Single Board Machine.

Single Chip Microcomputer ):
Commonly known as single-chip microcomputer or single-chip microcomputer, it is internationally referred to as Microcontroller (MCU, UC), is the central processor CPU, Random Access to Memory RAM (usually store random data ), read-only memory Rom (usually solidified to store user programs), input/output port I/O and other major computer functional components, are integrated into a chip (chip also known as integrated into IC, integrated circuit ), thus forming a conceptual and complete microcomputer.

Semiconductor memory: a semiconductor device used to store or store programs, data, and processing results. The following types of devices are available:
(1) Ram :( Random Access Memory): Random Access Memory.

1. Static RAM static random access memory. The main feature is that the storage content needs to be maintained by power supply, and the content will be automatically lost after power failure. For example, the product models include 2114,6116, 6264,62256, 628128, and 628512.
2. Dynamic Random Access Memory (Dram): the maintenance of the stored content requires not only the power supply, but also constant refresh, And the content is automatically lost after power failure. DRAM integration is much higher than SRAM, and the unit capacity is much lower. For example, the product model is 4164,41256.

(2) read-only memory (read only memory. The main feature is that the stored content does not need to be maintained by the power supply, and the content will not be lost after power-off. Therefore, the content needs to be burned and written for solidification. The main purpose is to store written programs and/or relatively fixed data. The Rom family can be divided into the following types:
1. Mask ROM: The content stored in the Rom is provided to the chip manufacturing plant by the user in advance, and the manufacturer completes burning and writing on the chip production line. It is characterized by low costs and is suitable for mass finalized production. Its disadvantage is that it has a high cost of opening the model, a large amount of initial investment, a minimum order quantity, a high risk of batch projection, and poor flexibility, it is not suitable for development and development.
2. Prom (Programmable ROM): programmable read-only memory. The stored content can be maintained after power failure. The content storage process is called curing or burning writing. The burning process requires a high voltage, which is generally carried out on a dedicated device. The smallest circuit unit of each bit stored is the fuse. After the fusing, 0 is represented, and vice versa, 1 is represented. Features: The product can only be written by the user once for the trial phase of small batch products, which can shorten the product time to market.
3. EPROM (Erasable prom): it can be erased by ultraviolet rays, and can be written into read-only memory. A high voltage (25 V, 21 V or 12.5 V) is also required for the writing process ). There is a glass window on the top of the memory, which can be erased by ultraviolet rays produced by a dedicated UV light source. Features: This type of memory can be repeatedly written or erased multiple times, but the erasure process takes a long time. It is suitable for use in the product development and development phase or in the trial production phase of small batches before the software is finalized. Common models: 2716,2732, 2764,27128, 27256,27512, 27010,27020, 27040, etc.
4. Opt EPROM (one time programmable EPROM): an EPROM that can be programmed at a time. In fact, it is an EPROM that does not open the top window, so it can only be burned once by the user. The feature is basically the same as the prom, but the storage unit structure is not a fuse. In addition, the factory pass rate of this product is higher than that of the prom, because the manufacturer can perform repeated write verification before chip encapsulation.
5. EEPROM (electrical EPROM, also often known as E2PROM ):
Electricity erasable, writable Programming read-only memory. This type of memory can be repeatedly burned or erased multiple times, and some can be online (that is, welded after the circuit board ). It is not only suitable for the development and development of products before the software is finalized, but also for electrical equipment that frequently changes data but does not lose data after power loss (for example, it is used to store channels in a remote control TV, devices with adjustable parameters, such as volume and brightness, are used for this type ). Common models include parallel port, 2864, IIC serial port 24c01, 24c02, 24c04, Microwire (or uwire) Serial Port 93c64, 93c56, SPI serial port 25c040, 25c080 and so on; especially the serial port type is cheap and easy to buy, a piece of 24c01, 24c02 or 93c64, the price is only 1 ~ 2 RMB.
6. Flash EEPROM; flash drive erasable, programmable read-only memory. This type of memory can be repeatedly burned or erased multiple times, and can be performed online. The speed of the memory is basically the same as that of the EEPROM, but its manufacturing cost is low and the chip size is small. It is suitable for electrical appliances that require not only content modification but also power loss, but also lower costs and larger storage capacity. Although both the EEPROM Memory and flash memory can be electrically wiped and electrically written multiple times, the former is better than the latter in the unit of independent erasure and burning, in addition, the read/write count (also called the erase write cycle) is much higher, while the latter is better at the simplicity of the storage unit structure, lower cost, and higher storage density.

Register (Register ):
It is a digital circuit that is more powerful than RAM memory. It can not only read, write, and store data like Ram, but also perform left shift, right shift, placement, reset, bit testing and other operations.

Input/output port (I/O port ):
The "Portal" for MCU to exchange data (or data communication) with the outside world ". Ports are divided into parallel ports and serial interfaces by data format.

Parallel Port (Parallel Port): the eight data bits in one Data byte (for 8-bit single-chip microcomputer) are the most integrated, and data communication is completed by one transmission. A large number of lines are occupied.

Serial Interface (Serial Interface): converts eight data bits of a Data byte from parallel to serial, and then transfers one bit multiple times to realize data communication. The number of lines used is small.

Serial interfaces include synchronous serial interfaces and asynchronous serial interfaces. Common synchronous serial interfaces can be divided into I2C, SPI, and Microwire based on communication protocols. They were invented by Philips, Motorola, and National Semiconductor (NS) companies, at present, it has been adopted by a variety of single-chip microcomputer.

Bus: a public channel for transmitting commands and data. It is also an information channel that connects various functional components. An 8-Bit Single-Chip Microcomputer internal data bus is an 8-bit parallel bus application instance.

Princeton architecture (Feng. noriman architecture): consent to the addressing of program memory and data storage, that is, the two types of memory are located in the same space, that is, the microcontroller or microprocessor that conforms to this architecture, it is also called the Princeton architecture (also called Feng. noriman architecture ). For example, lingyang developed and manufactured spmc65 and u'nsp series single-chip microcomputer, Motorola's mc68hc05/08 series single-chip microcomputer, and IFA semiconductor's st7 series single-chip microcomputer.

Harvard architecture: Separate the program memory and data storage, that is, the two types of memory are located in different logical spaces. The microcontroller or microprocessor that conforms to this architecture, it is called the Harvard architecture. For example, the earliest popular Single Chip Microcomputer in the domestic market ---- Intel company developed and manufactured MCS-51 series single chip microcomputer, micro Star (microchip) Company's PIC Series single chip microcomputer, Yilong (ELAN) the company's em78 series microcontroller, Sheng Qun (holtek) Company's ht48 series microcontroller.

Oscillator cycle:
Almost all functional circuits in single-chip microcomputer are constructed by digital circuits. The work of digital circuits is inseparable from clock signals, each step is triggered by a common time reference signal. The clock signal provided for the work of the single-chip microcomputer is used as the clock oscillator circuit of the time base generator, and its oscillation cycle is the "clock cycle ".

Command cycle. In general, the time used by the CPU to execute a command is called a command cycle. For u'nsp microcontroller, a command cycle can contain several to dozens of CPU clock cycles.

Execution speed: the number of commands (IPS) that the CPU can execute within one second ). People tend to use the clock frequency to measure the execution speed of a CPU. In fact, it is not accurate enough. Because of different CPUs, the number of clock cycles used to execute a command is different.

Power-saving (sleep) mode:
Different single-chip microcomputer have different power-saving modes, and different power-saving modes work in different ways. In the SPCE061A microcontroller, a power-saving mode is designed.

Program Protection: A technical means to protect developers' intellectual achievements. The SPCE061A microcontroller provides this function.

Watchdog timer (wdt): A function component used to reset the out-of-control microcontroller and restore it to normal operation in a timely manner.

Peripheral Device Module: CPU-centered, some common computer external devices are integrated into the microcontroller as functional components, forming a peripheral device module. For example, the input/output port and Timer/counter.

The interrupt function is to temporarily stop the program being executed, and to execute the subprograms that are used to interrupt the applicant (that is, the peripheral device module. Interruption is an important concept in computer theory and computer technology. It is an important function to improve computer efficiency and an effective method for program scheduling.

Interrupt source: the source of the signal from which the CPU is interrupted. It is usually generated by hardware (called hardware interrupt source) or by software (called software interrupt source ).

STACK: a ram region used to store breakpoints. Its content is stored and displayed in accordance with the "advanced post-release" operation rules. That is, the most advanced data stack is the last data stack, and the last data stack is the first data stack.

Complex Instruction Set computers (CISC) and short instruction set computers (PROTEUS): CISC and RISC are two opposite terms. CISC is a computer technology with a relatively complex command system, a large number of command lines, and a complete set of command functions, computer technology that significantly reduces the number of commands.

Software:

Software:
It is a general term for various programs and data required for computer work.

Bit: a binary data is called a bit of data, which is the smallest unit of information. Sometimes it is represented by lowercase B. The word "bit" comes from the combination of "binary" and "digit.

Byte: an 8-bit data is called a byte as a whole. Sometimes it is represented by capital B, which is usually used as a unit to measure the memory capacity or file length.

Word: two bytes, that is, 16-bit data, are called a word as a whole. Sometimes W is used for representation.

Word Length: it is the basic unit for data processing in the computer. It is also the width of internal memory, data storage and data bus. In different computers, the word length can be different.

Command: The command that people specify the CPU or microcontroller to execute a specific operation is called command. Generally, a script contains two parts: the script code and the operand.

Command System: All commands that a CPU or microcontroller can recognize and execute are called command systems or instruction sets.

Pseudocommand:
It is an indicative statement that serves the assembler. It does not require the CPU to complete any operation, and does not have the corresponding machine code, just to provide the necessary information for the assembly process.

Machine language: a set of commands expressed in binary. a language that can be recognized and executed by a machine immediately is called a machine language (also known as a machine code or a target code ). Machine language is the only language form that the CPU and other digital circuits can receive. It is also the language form that makes it least easy for people to understand, remember, read, modify, and communicate.

Assembly Language: To improve readability, the assembly language uses some abbreviations or symbols with strong meanings to represent the operation code, address code, or operand of an instruction. The sum of commands and pseudocommands constitutes an assembly language.

Advanced language:
It is a type of language that features good versatility, high programming efficiency, strong readability, convenient communication, and easy to modify and debug. Such as C, basic, Pascal, Fortran, Java, and logo language.

Program (Program ):
In order to complete specific tasks and functions, statements (commands, pseudo commands, or advanced language statements) are combined in an orderly manner according to certain rules to form a program.

Source program: the source program written in programming languages (such as assembly languages and advanced languages) is called the source program.

Target Program: because a computer can only recognize machine languages consisting of 0 and 1, a machine language program expressed in binary is called a target program that can be recognized and executed by the machine immediately. It is obtained by "Translation" of the source program.

Assemble: the process of translating the source program of the assembly language into a target program ".

Manual Assembly: the assembly process is completed by manpower, which is called manual assembly.

Assembler: a software tool used by machines to automatically complete the assembly process is called assembler or assembler.

Cross-assembly: as a process for developing Single-Chip Microcomputer Application Software, the assembler tool is executed on the PC to compile the source program of the single-chip microcomputer assembly language to generate the target program for the single-chip microcomputer, this assembly method is a cross-assembly. That is to say, the process of using the Class a cpu to assemble the Class B CPU is called cross assembly.

Disassembly: the process of "reverse assembly" of machine language into assembly language, that is, the disassembly process of assembly is called disassembly.

Compile: the process of translating the source program of advanced language into a target program is called compile.

Compiler: the tool software that completes the compilation process is called the compilation software or compiler.

Addressing Mode: the so-called addressing mode is the method for finding the operands during instruction execution, and the method for locating the operands.