From novice to expert-five stages of the delefors Model

I read this article last semester 《ProgramI believe many people have heard of this book. After reading this book, I feel a little open-minded, just like the hacker and painter I have read before. like "dark time", they all have a new understanding of their own lives, studies, and work, especially the agile development mentioned in "Programmer thinking cultivation, it has aroused my interest in Agile Software development. Although I am not doing so now, I have been slowly practicing the principles. Well, no matter how good the book is, it's useless, because a good book will be viewed by someone. Here I mainly want to put the five stages of Skill Learning in it, that is to say, I wrote something about the delefors model (although I used Baidu, but unfortunately I did not find more detailed descriptions than this book, especially on the Chinese webpage ), recently, I suddenly felt that I was entering a new stage, that is, switching from a newbie to a newbie. Well, I admit that I was working on a node in Linux. JS, I was frustrated to know that I was actually a newbie.

Phase 1: newbie

A newbie is a start stage for everyone who starts learning any skill, including an unstarted layman. At this stage, there is little or no experience at all, it refers to the practice of this technology to promote the change of thinking. It is very important to understand this, because many people think that experience refers to qualifications (just for time). In fact, this is not the case, it is like a software developer who claims that he has ten years of experience. In fact, he repeats one thing every day without any improvement, in addition, I have no further understanding of my profession. Even in 100, this experience is equivalent to another person's one year, not to mention the story of kerosene Weng. Sorry, in the software development field, the technology is updated very quickly, even when I wrote this Article , there may be new languages or other things in a foreign lab, but we are not using it (especially on the Chinese side, there is a lot of technical updates out of touch ). Of course, many people are curious about "changing thinking". What is "changing thinking "? The so-called change in thinking is like a change from process-oriented programming to object-oriented programming. Then, your thinking will change, because your thinking is different from the previous one, it has evolved to a higher level of abstraction. This is even more true if dynamic languages are further learned. The transformation of thinking will certainly happen, because this is what you have learned in practice, what you have learned, and even what others have never discovered.

After talking about so many experiences, what are new users? How to define a newbie is actually very simple, it is the attitude of the newbie to face the problem. This is a very simple method of judgment, because the gap in experience makes it obvious that new users are at a higher level than new users in the face of problems, especially sudden problems. So what do new users do when they face problems? You just raised your hand! New users are afraid to face problems, because they do not think they can solve the problem and think they are incapable of solving the problem. Therefore, they dare not take the initiative to solve the problem, but ask for help from higher-level people (okay, this is what I did before. When I encountered a problem in a strange field, I lost my mind because I didn't know what to do. Even if I found the crux of the problem, but I still don't know what to do ). Not only that, but beginners prefer directive commands. What are Directive commands? When we start cooking and learn how to cook with recipes, do we strictly follow the previous recipe? It's like how much flour should be added, when should we add less water, or how much temperature should we use to warm up... However, once the final food is not the way and taste on the recipe, we will be panic. What is the problem? I strictly followed the instructions on the recipe? If you are a newbie or above, you can find out the problem, or even find the problem at the beginning, such as an expert, and solve the problem without knowing it at the beginning (yes, unconsciously, because they seldom make low-level mistakes, or even avoid them in their subconscious ). But not new users. They need clear instructions to solve the problem, such as looking at whether the gas is capable of prompting them to do the same thing, because they have lost their thoughts, it is completely handed over to the so-called authority.

New users still care about success, and they are eager to accomplish their current goals immediately. This problem exists because they lack experience, because they are afraid to face problems, and quick success means they don't need to encounter too much or even have no problems. They never thought about whether this method is correct or wrong. They just wanted to know whether it was successful. We knew that in terms of software development, the method does not mean that this method is suitable.

Therefore, new users cannot think about the crux of the problem based on the Root points of the current problem, and then come up with a solution to the problem. They show this behavior because they have little experience or cannot convert the problem into the type they have previously solved based on the current situation, because they lack abstract capabilities, abstract The problem into a model and immediately respond to a similar problem. This capability is too much, because it is really difficult, but it can be achieved at the level above the novice, because they have mastered this capability through a large number of practices, each time a problem is solved, the crux and solution of the problem are recorded in the database, and then matched according to the situation. Therefore, to get rid of this level of newbie, the key is to practice more, think more, and summarize more, so that qualitative changes can occur through accumulation.

Phase 2 advanced beginner

Advanced beginners have a higher level than new beginners. This level already has some experience, and the ability to solve problems has been greatly improved, with initial situation matching capabilities. However, the reason why senior beginners still have the word "Newbie" is that they still have insufficient ability to handle situations. Senior beginners have been able to solve their tasks independently. They do not need to fight like new ones. When encountering problems, they can find solutions based on their past experience, at this time, they will show a very different feature from the new users: they will not like the new users, will see the document from the beginning, they will choose to quickly find related methods, they know that only this method is required to solve this problem, but they will never follow root-based planing. Why is this method used. However, the basis for solving the problem is that the current problem is too similar to what you have solved in the past. If it is a non-relevant problem, they will still be confused, this is because they still have problems in their ability to extract situations. Therefore, they can only remember the specific types of problems without finding the similarities between them and then solve them in the same way. Moreover, they still cannot see the extension of the situation. A situation can be extended. If it is connected to an actual problem, you will find that, there are countless small situations behind a situation. It is very difficult to solve a large situation, but it is very easy to solve a small situation. This is a general solution to a large situation, but advanced beginners will not see it. As we often encounter, we cannot dismember a large problem. We need a higher level of people to dismember us, then, let us know which one to solve first.

Stage 3 winner

A great deal of effort is required to achieve the winner, because the winner has a very large number of tasks in the team, or even the core of the team. What is the performance of the winner? The winner can not only solve the problem, but also discover new problems. They can find new problems from the current solution and effectively solve them. This capability is due to their past strong experience. They know what side effects will occur when such a problem is used, and how can we solve this side effect. When they encounter problems, they can dismember the problems and propose corresponding solutions for each part. The reason why they are the core of the team is a team's solution, plan, basically, they proposed it all. (many people will ask, what about the above? This is what we will talk about later, because you need to know that in most cases, a team does not need to win more than one team ). At this time, the winner is a strong point, because they can communicate with the above people, but can lead the following new people, so such people are generally leaders. However, the winner is not very mature in situation processing. They only solve any complicated problems by accumulating experience and rigorous thinking, however, we still cannot focus on the details of some situations, or even choose to ignore them. If we ignore this detail, we can solve the problem and avoid any bad side effects. They will ignore it.

Stage 4 excellent users

An obvious problem for excellent users is that they have a global thinking in their technical fields. They are actively looking for a larger conceptual framework around their own technical fields and prefer to learn from others, even if you only listen to others' failed experiences, you can also benefit from them because they can fully understand the situation. They understand what the current situation is and can grasp the details of the situation. They even include the details when solving the problem. They can use the so-called computer motto experience (the so-called motto experience is what we often see in some masters' works when learning, something similar to common experiences, for example, "test everything that may go wrong", but for a newbie, he doesn't know what to test.) because they know what situations such a motto is suitable, this is because they fully understand the situation. They can also make full use of any complicated method of current technology. For example, if a novice killer or design model is used badly, problems may occur, there will also be any necessary problems, but the excellent person can use them freely, because he knows exactly what the problem is. The excellent also has a more important feature, which is also the key to being able to become an expert, that is, they can constantly adjust themselves or make continuous progress through effective feedback and thinking. Feedback and thinking are very important, which are essential for mastering any skill.

Phase 5 experts

Experts are real magicians or rule makers in various industries. They are always looking for better solutions. Even if it is a small problem, they are also trying to find a better solution. Of course, this is naturally not to mention, because they are already the highest in the industry and naturally have this capability. However, determining whether a person is an expert depends on how he solves the problem. Experts solve problems based on their intuition. They will think that there will be problems, and this will solve them, but if you ask him why he thinks, he may not think of the answer, this is like knowing the answer to this question as soon as you see it. It's like you are talking about the dialect of your hometown. If you ask why you speak a dialect, can you answer this question. This is a completely internalized stage. They have completely internalized all the situations and methods for solving the situation. Instead of thinking about the methods when they see the situation, the situation is originally connected to the method, just like solving a mathematical problem, the question itself is the answer. Therefore, the key to becoming an expert is to exercise your intuition and link the situation with the solution to the situation. This is a very long process. Of course, if you are really talented, you should leave it alone. Therefore, we should start to accumulate practical experience from new users.

The main role of this model is to let us know our current position, let us understand our shortcomings, and work towards the next more advanced stage.