GIS application in Urban Planning

This is a summary of my graduation thesis.

 

GIS application in Urban Planning

 

1) role of GIS in Urban Planning (1) GIS provides intuitive and rational planning tools

Commonly used CAD software, such as AutoCAD, usually has strong graphic ability and weak management ability relative to attribute data. Therefore, CAD can only be used as drawing software [30]. However, the FM system is often too specialized and lacks certain plotting capabilities. Therefore, it also has application limitations. Due to its ability to analyze spatial data and attribute data, the geographic information system makes up for the defects of original urban planning in pure graphics and text, the graphic presentation of spatial data and spatial analysis of attribute data are greatly improved, providing an intuitive and rational planning tool for urban planning.

(2) storage, management, and analysis functions of GIS for planning data

GIS can manage large-capacity data, support multiple forms of spatial data, and provide good data maintenance and update capabilities, as well as the ability to query, overlay, classify, network, adjacent, digital elevation model, and other spatial information, it has important significance for the rational analysis of urban planning space [31].

During urban planning and design, you need to calculate the development intensity, building density, building area, greening rate, population density, floor area ratio, and other planning indicators of the planned plot. According to the conventional method, you need to manually calculate the area of the image in CAD software. This method is inefficient, time-consuming, and error rate, which directly affects the quality of planning and design. GIS technology has completely changed this situation. It is supported by the database technology and is processed at the database creation layer [32]. That is to say, according to the data nature classification, the same or similar nature is merged together to form a data layer. In this way, the graphic data and its attribute data can be analyzed and measured, greatly reducing the manual work of the Planning and Design personnel.

Traditionally, planning departments or using documents, or using popular databases to manage planning data. The defect of the former is that the spatial entity of the planning data is out of line with the attribute information, and it is difficult to update, maintain, and query the data. The latter defect is that it does not have the ability to define the corresponding entity based on the database information; the common defect of the two is that they do not have the ability to locate spatial queries. The GIS technology completely solves the above problems, and has broad application prospects in planning data management, providing powerful help for planning, design, and management.

(3) The role of GIS in planning and decision-making

Through the above Management and Analysis of planning data, planners can better make planning decisions by simulating the planning scheme, selecting the planning scheme, and evaluating the planning scheme.

(4) functions of GIS in dynamic urban planning and planning management

Due to the fast data update and real-time spatial analysis, GIS provides good technical support for dynamic adjustment of Urban Planning [33]. With the help of GIS, You can supervise and feedback the implementation of urban planning. Then, the planning scheme is quickly adjusted based on the implementation status, so that the urban planning is in a smooth and virtuous circle.

(5) Application of GIS in 3D City Visualization

There are many limitations in designing and drawing planning drawings on the plane, which are concentrated in the following aspects: they cannot provide real, intuitive, and realistic scenarios for designers and users, which is not conducive to the presentation of planning plans; the design scheme may have design defects that are not easy to discover, hiding the planning risks. The design process is long, the efficiency is low, and the funds are high. Due to the strong planning and design Professionalism [34], communication between non-professionals and designers may lead to obstacles, which may ultimately affect the implementation of the project. The effectiveness of the publicity and planning scheme needs to be enhanced. With 3D GIS technology, the planning and design personnel and management personnel can observe the effects of different solutions in the urban environment in real time and interactively, different schemes can be compared from any angle, direction, or along any route, which provides a more direct and effective way to evaluate a building from a spatial perspective, however, these are difficult to achieve by the previous floor plan and building micro-Scaling Model [35]. Using 3D GIS technology, you can analyze the relationship between the planning scheme and the mountain, and analyze the height, size, appearance, and spatial relationship of the scheme with the whole city, visually analyzes invisible underground pipelines. At the same time, the spatial data and attribute data can be combined. Planning and management personnel can easily query the information about buildings in a virtual city and analyze the space of buildings, evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the solution to make correct judgments and decisions.

 

2) Characteristics of GIS application in urban planning (1) Auxiliary

The role of GIS in Urban Planning can only be auxiliary. It cannot replace the role of city planners [36]. It can simulate the thinking of planners and verify and enrich the ideas of planners through the analysis results. It is a means for planners and decision makers to analyze, but it cannot replace planners. Only by recognizing this point can GIS be applied to reflect its scientific nature.

(2) locality

Currently, the role of GIS in Urban Planning can only be local. GIS does not have enough depth to show and apply to some non-logical aspects of urban planning, such as the economic and social aspects of urban planning. GIS applications have not yet fully formed in these fields. Therefore, in planning and design practices with short cycles and tight tasks, we should focus on some rational aspects, such as the spatial analysis of urban layout, instead of pursuing a "big and comprehensive" system.

(3) phase

It is difficult to implement the computer-based evaluation, selection, and decision-making of the Planning Scheme. A large amount of social and economic data collection is required as the basis for analysis. The obstacles in data collection, the time required to establish a large database, and the various technical and implementation difficulties faced by establishing an analysis model for spatial analysis, it makes it difficult to deeply apply GIS in Urban Planning. Therefore, it is recommended that, in actual planning and design, GIS should be taken as a technical means, and the analysis results of GIS should be taken as the ultimate goal of the system based on the analysis function of GIS, based on specific technical conditions, GIS is used as a stage auxiliary tool for planning and design. In specific applications, we should adopt the "small but specialized" principle to minimize the workload of data collection and input, and focus on the establishment of analysis models [37]. The overall layout of GIS in urban planning and management is transformed into a local depth in planning and design, and only the results are obtained. GIS applications should focus on the key points of planning. These points should be fully combined with planning and decision-making to maximize the economic benefits of GIS applications.

(4) extensiveness

The development of hardware and software technologies related to geographic information systems has promoted the popularization of GIS. At the same time, with the socialization and industrialization of Information and the rise of corresponding infrastructure such as the information highway, GIS will transform from providing support for planning and decision-making to meeting a wide range of social needs in multiple layers and fields. The Application of Geographic Information System in Urban Planning has shown a wide range of characteristics. Its application gradually covers various urban planning departments and even the whole society [38]. Therefore, in the process of system establishment, we should consider the characteristics and trends of extensive GIS application, and integrate the established independent system into the large system of society.

(5) some negative effects exist.

As a means to assist planners in completing and implementing planning tasks, geographic information systems will have a negative impact on urban planning if they are not properly applied. First, the technical capabilities of GIs may have a negative impact on planning and decision-making. It cannot be ruled out that, under certain conditions, planners may have inappropriate personal prejudices due to lack of ability and experience or misunderstanding of problems, this bias may be infiltrated into GIS-assisted planning and decision-making, which may be concealed by outsiders due to the complexity and difficulty of GIS technology language, thus affecting the correctness of decision-making. Second, the difficulty of GIS technology may have some negative impact on planners, making it difficult for people who are not familiar with GIS to fear and to participate in computer-aided planning and decision-making, making the decision-making more opaque. When evaluating the positive and negative effects of GIS on urban planning, it is necessary to perform a dialectical analysis to avoid the "Myth" of GIS, do not deny the GIS technology because of some problems in the application.

3) Application of GIS technology in Urban Planning

According to the vertical process of the city planning and design business, the urban planning work is divided into three stages: pre-planning preparation, planning scheme preparation, and planning result packaging [39]. From the perspective of technical possibility, GIS technology is applied in three stages as follows:

(1) unified information management

In the planning basic data collection stage, the GIS information base database for the planned region is established, provides unified management, query, retrieval, and Dynamic Update Services for the current space and attribute information.

(2) planning analysis and decision-making

Using various basic data and GIS-based spatial query, statistics, analysis, and other functions, this service provides spatial analysis support and Decision-making assistance for condition analysis, solution formulation, and evaluation selection for various types of planning.

(3) Planning digital achievements

In the production phase of the final planning results, the planning results digital products based on GIS standards are provided, so that the planning and management department can directly obtain the planning results accepted by the GIS system, this makes it easy for planning and management departments to make better use of the advantages of GIS technology to achieve office automation services for urban construction and planning management.