Hand furnace in ancient China: a warm-up world

Ming Dynasty bronze sculpture Jin Di dragon grain Eight Treasures hand furnace clear early Zhang Mingqi paragraph lifting beam hand furnace clear Yong Zheng copper dragon grain hand Furnace

Wen_apricot

Loose gray cage warm sleeves prophet, silver leaves with a scent of a trace.

Top with plum blossom flat out of the network, expand the ring bamboo and lie in the branches.

Don't worry about frozen Yuqi difficult twist, and yicanyuan cream pen easy to hold.

Even if the poetry is cold to the bone, Yang Chun wrist bottom has been born posture.

-(Qing Dynasty) Zhang Yu shoutao

The eighth time in "Dream of Red Mansions", after half a day of snow and pearl, Dai Yu went to the Lihua courtyard to visit the baby girl who had been ill at home. She did not think that Bao Yu had to talk about Sheng Huan as early as she was at the sister of Bao. And because of Baochai said a "Warm wine heat, cold wine condensation" of the body, to persuade Baoyu to drink cold wine, more acid. No way to exit, but unfortunately Xiao Yu Xueyan Bing Ziyi's charge sent a small hand stove warm up, Dai Yu received, holding in his arms, he said, "You may listen to Him ". I want to come, the snow is cold, the light is considerate, the light is warm, it is a "glass world, White Plum red" state of mind, but Daiyu mind in his, there is no reason for a public case to come out of the "Hand furnace. The public case is endless. In the cold and cold days, the topic of "warm hands" is quite cool.

I

In the past, readers studied in private school or study in winter, and their hands and feet would be very cold, so as to impede the writing of painting. Officials and nobles, who work in the door or visit friends in winter, cannot enjoy the fire by car. As a result, someone designed a hand stove dedicated to holding your hands for heating, but it won't burn out the items around you. Later, it became a popular heating appliance in the wenfang, folk society, and even the old court.

Hand furnace, shape such as the size of melon, can be moved with hand, this is much more convenient than heating tools such as the fire basin, fire. And ancient people wide sleeve robe, hand furnace can be placed in the sleeve or in the arms with, so there are "Sleeve furnace", "holding furnace" elegant name, but also a lot of friends. The readers of the past, with a hand stove, will be able to warm hands and blood, writing painting is correct, it is "even if the poetry cold to bone, Yang Chun wrist bottom has been born posture ".

It is said that the appearance of the hand stove inspired by the stove, fire basin. But unlike the stove without Bing, only the furnace night talk, the majority of hand furnace has a lift, and small and exquisite, high, long and width but a few centimeters to a dozen centimeters, slightly similar to the delicate teapot, it can also be regarded as profit. The structure of the hand furnace is very simple. It consists of the furnace body, the bottom of the furnace, the Furnace Cover (Furnace cover), and The lifting beam (Lifting handle. The furnace has two layers, divided into shell and liner. The liner is mostly made of copper, and it is made of carbon to generate heat. The casing is wrapped in the liner, which can not only store the heat of the liner, but also transmit air between the two layers inside and outside, the heat is emitted by the hollow Furnace Cover (Furnace Cover) along the liner port. The fire will not be covered and destroyed, and it will not be too busy or hot. Through the gap in the lid, the heat dissipation principle is quite clever.

Early furnace bodies were relatively simple, and there were traces such as cast tumors. If you want to come, first people will suffer from cold winter, and then they will be able to solve the winter problem first. Perhaps later, the hand furnace became more and more familiar, and every winter will follow the people around, first people have the idea of "beautifying" it.

As a result, the hand stove was originally the most common in the circle and oval shape, and then appeared in the shape of octagonal, square, waist, flower basket, pumpkin, plum blossom, jellyfish, and turtle back, it also gives a sense of profit. As a heat sink, it is often the best place for the craftsman to take advantage of. They carved all kinds of exquisite geometric figures as elegant as the flowers and walls in classical gardens, many styles and materials such as wudie shoushou, meilanzhu juju, and Magpie jumei have been used and can be perfectly combined with the gas hole. However, the craftsman will not "waste ", the pictures of landscape figures and flowers and birds are carved, and some even use special techniques such as wrong gold and wrong silver, burning blue and inlaid silver silk to make the pictures on the furnace more stereoscopic, even more brilliant, there are also the poetry and calligraphy printing on it, so that the hand furnace jumped into a lot of literati case.

Hand furnace, has become a practical and appreciated art, they have accompanied the number of poor scholars spent the cold long night, and in the boring reading career, added a few warmth of "Red sleeves and warmth.

II

From time to time, you can find a trace of the kind of objects in ancient times, as well as literature or painting and calligraphy works, on the pictures of "cold night plum blossom" in lunar January and "Snow-hunting poetry" in December, some of the elegant and elegant Palace ladies were holding the treasure of the treasure, which was like a purse; in the Grand View Garden of "Dream of Red Mansions", Fengjie often uses little copper fireworks to dial the ash in the furnace. In nowadays TV dramas, the little masters in the Forbidden City, it is also hand-held for the winter ...... However, unfortunately, in the ancient literature, we cannot see the exact records of the hand stove. We can only comb its past in the only materials.

When did it start? One argument is that it originated from the Chu state in the spring and autumn periods. The humidity in the Chu region is high, and the Chu people like to put the vanilla in the oven with holes to burn and separate the gas, and then invent a heat sink for heating. There is also a saying that the Emperor Sui traveled south to Yangzhou along the canal, in the long winter season, Xu Wu, a county magistrate in jiangdu City (now Yangzhou City), was eager to take over a small copper stove by Yangzhou folk coders. the built-in charcoal was sent to Emperor Sui for heating, and Emperor Sui was renamed as a hand stove. Both of them seem to have some origins, but they are not sure. Compared with the latter, they seem more confident. Because it is already common in Tang poetry. Bai Juyi wrote a hand stove: "Drunk Yixiang pillow sit, while warm stove sleep ."

It is said that in the mid-Tang Period, the hand stove has become a useful thing in the government room. In the Song Dynasty, the city had an incense and medicine Bureau, selling charcoal cakes specially for incense burning and hand cooking. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the hand stove has flown into ordinary homes and has become a heater widely used by people. At that time, the hand furnace was mostly made of bronze material and occasionally made of silver, iron, and porcelain. Its type was "the genus of zookeeper", that is, Fangyuan 2-style, which set fire to charcoal or cooked Ash with residual heat, small clothes can be placed in the sleeves of the "Lavender ".

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the production of hand cookers has reached the stage of perfection. Early silver, iron, porcelain materials were greatly reduced, and copper was widely used. First, because of the good heat transfer of copper, the hands are more warm; second, copper is meticulous and smooth, the color is crystal clear, and the soft band is rigid, scalable, there is more room to play in the manufacturing process, it is difficult to rust and crack the furnace.

Especially in the Ming Dynasty, the furnace manufacturing process became increasingly mature, and a large number of famous craftsmen emerged. The furnace was made with elegant style and exquisite, with excellent shape, art, rhyme, and meaning, it is a treasure in crafts. Furnace bodies are heavy, lines are clear, the knife method is smooth, commonly used a thick copper block, knocked out a handle furnace, there is no trace of welding on the furnace handle; and in the Qing Dynasty hand furnace, because the incoming Palace, the product has become an imperial product, and its value has multiplied. In this way, the production and upgrade of the hand furnace will combine a variety of technologies and start to become fancy. Only materials and more lacquer ware, enamel and other varieties, the process also uses wire enamel, hand furnace decoration is more exquisite.

Emerald-carved fireworks in the Republic of China

In the Republic of China, the production of hand furnace tends to be simple, and the shape and decoration begin to be single. In order to reduce the cost, even the copper is thin, and then with the emergence of new heating tools, the hand furnace gradually withdrew from people's lives.

3.

Among the hand furniture families, the most advanced works of the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, especially the hand furniture made by famous masters, are integrated with carving, cutting, engraving, setting, grinding, and other techniques, the collection of poems, books, paintings, and printed on a single machine is not only a practical ware, but also a great style of literature, with a high historical and cultural connotation and collection value.

Zhang Mingqi, the famous craftsman of Late Ming Jiaxing, is a generation of famous furnace manufacturer. He made a kind of copper uniform, shiny and elegant water mill copper hand furnace, known as "Zhang furnace ". Zhang furnace, the choice of refined copper, copper pure, strong plasticity, soft luster, simple shape and rich change, for people. According to the introduction of "wide knowledge of identification", "Xinxi miscellaneous collection", and "ftian furnace Cong recording cultural relics", the hand furnace made by Zhang Mingqi is thick and even, and the pattern is fine, the whole furnace does not need to be seed or welded, and all of them are manually knocked out with the opening head. The engraving on the furnace cover is very fine, but it is not squashed. The lid is very tight, although it has been used for a long time, it will not be loose. It is particularly amazing that although the charcoal fire in the furnace is very prosperous, it is not hot when it is touched, and the heat is the same as when the charcoal fire is not hot.

The other late Ming bronze master is Hu civilization, he wins with pure leather, good at Casting Copper furnace, and according to the ancient manufacture Yi, ding, Zun, Yi and other copper. The style of hand-made stove ware is ancient and exquisite. It is famous as "Hu furnace" or "Hu Tong.

In addition, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the famous masters who made the furnace were Wang fengjiang, Zhou Wenfu, Cai Jia, Jiang zhuyun, Xu shousu, Wang Ji, Pan xiangfeng, and Zhao Yida, after the signaling is passed ".

Qing Gong shoufu is the royal supplies. It is made up of the wisdom of excellent craftsmen throughout the country. It is also often a boutique in the hand furnace. The production process is dominated by copper gold or shredded enamel.

Clear copper striped hand furnace clear middle wire enamel ball Crane pattern hand furnace clear mid Shen de Zhai paragraph yellow gold hand Furnace

Shredded enamel is in the metal carcass, with thin copper wire welding on the pattern contour, fill in various colors of Enamel Glaze inside and outside, burned, polished, gold plated. The decoration content is auspicious. The Qing Gong enamel hand furnace is decorated with different realistic flowers and animal patterns painted in the light, such as Helu with spring, three goat kaitai, Ji Qing Yu, old and cold three friends, rich peony, etc.; light decoration with colorful branches and lines.

Thu

With the development and changes of the times, the copper stove has been withdrawn from the stage of life and gradually forgotten. However, since the beginning of the 1990s S, the copper hand furnace has made frequent appearances in books, magazines, and auction venues. It has a wide array of strange shapes and exquisite craftsmanship, attracting people's attention.

Different from the functions of hand warmers valued by ancient people, the appreciation of antique hand warmers is even heavier today. The fine craftsmanship of the Ming and Qing dynasties copper hand furnace has become increasingly good in the art market, and many collectors are competing to buy Tibet. In recent years, the copper hand furnace market at auction in various regions has aroused the hearts of collectors and sellers.

The most expensive hand furnace was handed in by a late Ming dynasty gold character-striped hand furnace in the Autumn Auction of Hong Kong Christie's in 0.8 million. It was estimated to be between HK $1 million and HK $3.032 million. The pavilions built on the hand stove are lifelike, and more importantly, there is also the "yunjian Hu civilization" section, the steel chimney installation project, http://www.66gkw.com/productclass-27-1.html ;. In addition to the knowledge of Hu Wenming, in the current auction market, more popular are the "Zhang Mingqi System", "pan xiangfeng System" and other models.

Qing Gong shoufu has also received much attention. A "Grand Qing Yong Zheng-nian" shoushu copper and dragon-striped shoushu made a 1.3552 million yuan auction at the 15th anniversary of the Beijing hanhai festival on 2009. The enamel hand Furnace with the characteristics of the Qing palace also performed well. At the spring auction of guardian of China in 2010, a hand Furnace with the enamel and Crane pattern in the middle of the Qing Dynasty was sold for 0.47 million RMB.

However, a large number of fake products have also emerged as a result of the increasing popularity of hand furnace collections. Collectors need to polish their eyes and identify the bottom foot of the hand stove. If there is brass, most of them are items of the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. Such as copper, if there is a sense of ancient and thick, the grain and essence, in general, can reach the Ming dynasty; if the light and thin decorative flowers, mostly for the Qing Dynasty furnace. You can also focus on rust. You can use the boiling water that is added with alkali to brush the screen, such as fake rust, immediately drop. In addition, the pseudo-rust is not uniform in depth, and cannot be integrated with the device body. It is not smooth in the hands of mo. In addition, the hand stove is basically made by hand, and the vast majority of counterfeits are made by casting. Therefore, it can also be different from the bottom foot and the furnace body weld, Furnace Cover mesh workmanship.

"Green ant New Fermented Grains Wine, red mud stove. Can I have a drink if I want to see the snow late ?" Bai Juyi's poem depicts the beautiful scenery of the first people sitting in a group in winter and evening. For them, whether it is a small stove, or a small stove, the utensils give people feelings, as well as the relationships between people and their satisfaction for life, it has never been more practical than today. Today, people only know that the air conditioner is warm, but they do not like it. I am afraid I cannot feel the feelings of the ancients in the hand furnace.

Hand furnace in ancient China: a warm-up world