How do I create a panoramic image?

The term "stitch" means the use of software to electronically connect multiple images together to make larger images. When you digitally stitch a panorama, the edges of the image you take must be completely coincident, and the skewed camera will cause the seams of the final image to be ragged. If all photos are taken with the same exposure and white balance settings, the final image will be very good, otherwise the brightness and color seams will appear. Although this can be corrected using software, it is better to correct it at the time of shooting. Some Coolpix cameras have a Panorama assistant scene mode that automatically adjusts exposure and white balance, and if this mode is not available, you need to adjust these settings manually.
It is relatively easy to create a panoramic image of a long distance object, the following is an example of an image of four separate images stitched together using ArcSoft's "Panoramamaker" software. The software creates the perfect panorama, as long as the individual image is well aligned when photographed with the camera (make sure the camera is kept level with the ground).

However, it is very difficult to capture panoramic images of the foreground and background objects. In order to eliminate parallax errors, the optical Center (or "node") must be identified. The following illustration shows parallax errors when shooting foreground and background objects (digital cameras are fixed on a tripod and A and B images are taken from the same location). ）。
· A image-the camera faces the church in the background with a tree in the foreground.
· b image-The camera shifts to the left side of the tripod, so only the left side of the church is visible, but the foreground tree "seems" to move relative to the location of the church.
· C image-The image is stitched electronically using the panorama processing software, but it appears two times because the tree in the foreground "seems" to move relative to the location of the church.
This dislocation is known as "Parallax Error" and when the image is stitched together, the Panorama software that stitches the image will not be able to correct the error.

To correct this error, the camera must be rotated along the optical Center (or node) of the lens. The node of the lens is a point where the light path converges in the lens before focusing on the camera sensor or film plane. Rotating the camera in the center of a tripod socket will almost certainly result in parallax errors, so you need to locate the node first, then fix the camera, and then rotate the camera in the center of the node.

The camera can be fixed on a tripod with the help of the pan head, which allows the camera to be fixed, the adjustment on the position is allowed, and the camera/lens is rotated along the optical center of the camera/lens. Examples of pan head manufacturers are Kaiden and Manfrotto.
The node can be thought of as a measure from the front lens surface to the lens optics Center, Nikon does not advertise this information, but can find the approximate node by following the steps below. When using the pan Head station for proper positioning, make sure that the tripod is fixed and that only the camera can be moved.
1. Install the camera in the center to determine the camera lens just above the point of rotation, which can be checked from the front end of the camera mounted on the tripod.

2. Adjusting parallax errors to find and correct parallax errors, use the camera, a tripod with pan head, a table, and four pens (preferably with a "Mike" pen that can be erected on your own) to do the following. Place four pens as shown in the example illustration. Use the pan head to mount the camera on a tripod so that the nearest and farthest pen can be seen on the camera's LCD display (or the viewfinder, if the SLR is used). The front pen should be ahead of the back pen.

The position of the pen displayed when viewing the table from the top and side

Make a straight line view of the camera LCD display or SLR viewfinder, and then pan the camera from left to right to move the pen from the left side of the camera's LCD display to the side, and note the relative movement between the pens when panning the camera. Use the Pan Head table to move the camera back or forward until the relative movement between the pens disappears when panning.

3. Adjust the camera level using the level on the tripod, if there is no level, use a small additional level device.
Software design companies may need specific Nikon lens data to resolve lens distortion When designing panorama software, but Nikon cannot provide this information because it is a company secret.
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How do I create a panoramic image?