How the transistor works-the most common method I have ever seen

Operating principle of Transistor

Transistor Principle
 
To understand the effect of transistor amplification, remember that energy will not be generated for no reason, so the transistor will not produce energy ,.

However, the most amazing thing about the transistor is that it can control large current through small current.

The principle of amplification is that large static DC is controlled through small AC input.

Suppose the transistor is a dam. The strange thing about the dam is that there are two valves, one is a large valve and the other is a small valve. A small valve can be opened by manpower. A large valve is heavy and cannot be opened by manpower. It can only be opened by the hydraulic power of a small valve.

Therefore, the common workflow is that when people open small valves, a small flow of water will flow out, which will affect the switch of the valve, and the valve will be opened, the surging rivers flow down.

If you keep changing the opening size of a small valve, the valve will also change accordingly. If you can change the valve strictly in proportion, then the perfect control will be completed.

Here, Ube is a small water flow, UCE is a large water flow, and a person is an input signal. Of course, if we compare the water flow to the current, it will be more accurate, because the transistor is a current control element after all.

If one day, the weather is very dry, the river is gone, that is, the big water flow is empty. The Administrator opened the small valve at this time. Although the small valve still impacted the large valve and opened it, because there was no water flow, there was no water flow. This is the cutoff area in the transistor.

The saturation zone is the same, because at this time the river reaches a large degree, the size of the valve opened by the Administrator is useless. If you do not open the valve, the water will be washed out by yourself. This is the breakdown of the diode.

In a simulated circuit, the valve is generally semi-open, and the output flow is determined by controlling its opening size. When there is no signal, the water flow will flow, so when it is not working, there will also be power consumption.

In the digital circuit, the valve is in the on or off two states. When not working, the valve is completely closed and there is no power consumption.

 

The descriptions of saturated areas and cutoff areas are a bit problematic, but you certainly know these principles.

Let me modify it by referencing your metaphor:

Closing area: it should be that the small valve is not enough to open and cannot open the valve. This is the closing area.

Saturation zone: it should be that the small valve is too large to open, so that the flow of water in the large valve has reached its limit, but if you close the small valve, the operation of the transistor can be returned from the saturated area to the linear area.

Linear zone: the water flow is adjustable.

Breakdown zone: for example, if a water flow exists in a reservoir, the water level is too high (correspondingly, the VCE is too large), leading to a gap, and the water flow flows out. Moreover, with the opening of the small valve, the breakdown voltage becomes lower, which is easier to penetrate.

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Glossary

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I. Transistor
A transistor is composed of two PN knots in a semiconductor material. Because each semiconductor transistor has two PN knots, it is also called a bipolar transistor.
The transistor actually connects two diodes to the same pole. It is a current control component. It uses the special structure of a narrow base area and achieves the control of the collector current by carrier diffusion and combination, so that the transistor has a stronger control capability. According to the internal structure, the transistor can be divided into a PNP tube and an tube. The two can be connected in a certain way to form a tube with stronger working ability. If the power consumption of the transistor is different, it can be divided into small power transistor, medium power transistor, high power transistor.

Ii. Functions and Applications

The transistor is used for current signal amplification and switch control. Therefore, the transistor can be used to enlarge the signal and control the current. The transistor can be seen in power supply, signal processing, and other places. The integrated circuit is also connected by many transistors according to a certain form of circuit, which has some usage components. Transistor is the most important element for current amplification.

Iii. Key Parameters of the transistor

1. β value
The Beta value is the most important parameter of the transistor, because the beta value describes the current signal amplification capability of the transistor. The higher the beta value, the stronger the amplification capability for small signals, and vice versa. However, the Beta value cannot be very large because it is too large and the performance of the transistor is unstable, generally, the β value should be from 30 to 80. Generally, the β value of a transistor is not a specific indicator. It usually changes slightly with the operating status of the component.

2. Inter-pole REVERSE CURRENT
The smaller the reverse current between the poles, the higher the stability of the transistor.

3. Reverse transistor breakdown characteristics:
The transistor is composed of two PN knots. If the reverse voltage exceeds the rated value, it will be broken down like a diode, causing performance degradation or permanent damage.

4. operating frequency
The Beta value of the transistor remains unchanged only within a certain operating frequency range. If it exceeds the frequency range, they will drop sharply as the frequency increases.

Iv. Classification

Based on the amplification principle, the transistor is divided into Bipolar Transistor (BJT, bipolar junction transistor) and bipolar transistor (MOS/mes type: Metal-oxide-Semiconductor or metal semicondu. There are two carriers in BJT for conducting, and only one carrier for MOS. BJT is generally a current controller, while MOS is generally a voltage controller.