Human resource Management-6 psychological effects in interpersonal communication

Interpersonal communication, in addition to self-awareness, the perception of others is also very important. In the process of cognition of others, forming the impression of others, because of the psychological effect of interpersonal cognition, this kind of prejudice often occurs. A philosopher said: "Prejudice is farther from truth than ignorance." "Interpersonal perception biases are necessary to correct, because only in a healthy and unbiased social environment can people live in harmony with one another." Understanding and studying these "misconceptions" of interpersonal perception can help to overcome prejudice against other people's perceptions.

1, the three fire: the first cause effect.

The so-called first-cause effect refers to the first impression of people in interpersonal perception. Whether the first impression is correct or not, always bright and firm, often around the other side of the evaluation. People generally classify others according to their first impressions, and then infer and make judgments based on the characteristics of this category system. This is what is often said to be "preconceived". Obviously, this effect of the first cause is too large, it may lead to interpersonal perception errors. That is, if a person leaves a good impression at first, it may always be good; a person who has a bad impression at first may have been bad. The emergence of this psychological effect has certain inevitability. This is because when people accept different stimuli of the outside world, the intensity and sensitivity of the first stimulation reaction are greater than the different types of stimulation, and the first stimulation in people's brains will form an involuntary psychological tendency or readiness to analyze, synthesize, solve the problem, that is, the so-called thinking set phenomenon. It is advantageous to solve the similar problem, and it plays a negative role in solving the problem of change type. We understand this principle of psychology, we can effectively prevent the negative effect of the first cause effect.

2, Hate people: proximate effect.

The so-called proximate effect refers to the most recent impression that the perceptual object has left in the process of interpersonal communication. For example, someone who has been working very positive, good performance, and recently work out of the wrong, due to the effect of proximate effect, some people easily see the immediate performance, to his poor performance evaluation. Another example, a normal performance of the people, suddenly did a good thing, some people will often take notice of it, and affirmed his usual performance. The one-left-right of interpersonal perception is a typical manifestation of proximate effect. There are two conditions for this deviation: first, the "proximate cause" and "remote cause" compared to the generally, the objective of the stimulation of people stronger, to leave the impression of clarity, will dilute the past to get the relevant impression. Second, from the subjective perspective, the subject of receiving stimulation in the existing life experience, the unique "proximate cause" of the relatively heavy, accept the "proximate cause" stimulation of the sensitivity is higher. The proximate effect tends to obscure or even negate a person's consistent understanding, thus affecting the overall understanding of others. Therefore, in the cognition of others, can not only look at a moment, but to a historical, comprehensive view, so as to clear the cause of the effect of the cognitive bias. 3, Beholder: halo effect.

The so-called halo effect refers to a particular performance of others in the outstanding, impressive, resulting in the neglect of other characteristics, resulting in a point of view of the phenomenon. This situation is like the lunar halo of the wind before the gradual spread of the formation of a larger halo, so called halo effect, also known as Halo effect. American Psychologist Axi A trial: He gave the subjects a list of five qualities (smart, deft, diligent, firm, enthusiastic), asking the subjects to imagine a person with five qualities, and the subjects generally imagined people with these five qualities as a friendly person. However, he changed the "passion" in the form to "cold". The participants were asked to imagine a suitable person according to the five qualities (cleverness, dexterity, diligence, firmness, ruthlessness), but found that the subjects had generally overturned the original image and produced a completely different image. Axi's experiment revealed a general psychological phenomenon in interpersonal perception: if one realizes that a person has some outstanding merit, thinks that other aspects are good, the person is enveloped by a positive aura, that is, "by June headmistress"; Conversely, if you realize that a person has some outstanding shortcomings, This person is shrouded in a negative aura of negativity, thinking that other aspects are not good, that is, "to hide the handsome ugly." Halo effect is due to a certain quality of information, other quality information is small, resulting in different levels of stimulation. This psychological effect of the harm is blinders, sweeping. 4. Heart Body: Projection effect

This is a kind of "to have the person" the effect, is often said "with the heart of the other people's heart" or "bushel bushel". This is a serious cognitive psychological deviation, which is caused by suspicion of other people's personality distortion. The projection effect often occurs in two cases: first, when other people's conditions are similar to their own, such as age, gender, education, etc., will produce a "test ratio" of the impulse or desire; second, when you have not gratified things, put some problems to others, in order to psychological balance. For example, some people criticize that young people should not smoke, some young man said: "You see the film of the big Man with a cigarette more handsome." That is to say, big man still smokes, I this nameless junior have what not to be able. to relieve it. 5. Still old: the set effect
Soviet social psychologist bag Mendarev once did an experiment, and he showed two groups of college students a picture of the same person. Before presenting, he told the first group that the man who would be presenting the photograph was a incorrigible criminal. To another group of people, he is a big scientist. Then let the two groups of college students read after reading the picture of the person's appearance. The first group of evaluations: deep-eyed proof of inner hatred, protruding chin-proof determination along the path of crime, and so on. The second group's evaluation is that deep eyes indicate the depth of thought, and the protruding chin indicates the willpower to overcome difficulties in understanding the road, and so on. The same picture, but because of the previous sentence to see the hint, and produced a different evaluation.
Set effect is a fixed attitude, such as the sketch "Supporting Role" in the Zhu Shimao said Chen Peisi: "You that look like a negative character ..." and then said to himself: "Look at me in this dress, at least an underground worker ..." This is the stereotype effect from the appearance. "The suspect stole the axe" is also this reason, it is the logical reasoning way to derive the set effect. In interpersonal communication to avoid the set effect, with the development of the dialectical vision to see people. And for a person who has made a mistake or is not valued, to change the stereotype effect of others, it is necessary to make proper propaganda about their achievements or good deeds, and change the bad set effect in the eyes of others, and establish a new and good setting effect.

6 Grow Fat people know: stereotypes

(1) Stereotype is a relatively fixed, generalized and general view of a certain kind of thing or person in society.

(2). People's stereotype is usually formed by two paths: one is formed in direct contact and the other is based on indirect information.   Usually, the formation of stereotypes is mostly from the second path.         (3). The positive role of stereotypes: ① helps to simplify the process of cognition and facilitates a general understanding of a particular category of people.         ② can help people understand and cope more effectively with the environment around them.   ③ the members of the stereotype always have some characteristics that are in line with the actual character of this category, and to a certain extent reflect some of the characteristics of this category of people. (4). The negative role of stereotypes: ① makes people's cognition rigid and stagnant, it is easy to hinder the normal development of the normal cognition and communication between people.
(5). How to look at stereotypes in communication.         ① seriously treat all the information of others, do not assume, do not act rashly. ② to participate in exchanges, increase contact with different groups of people.