Install software in Linux

1. What Chinese systems does Linux have?

There are CXTERM, wzce, CXWIN, XCIN, and ZhXwin. CXTERM is a Chinese terminal that runs under a X-WINDOW. Wzce is a terminal that runs as a shell. CXWIN is an XSERVER that supports Chinese characters. XCIN can input Chinese characters in the X-WINDOW. ZhXwin is a Chinese Input Program and requires CXTERM.

Download the above software. For example, to download cxterm, go to the free software library and search for cxterm.

2. How to display/input Chinese Characters in X Window like Pwin98?

To enter Chinese characters anywhere in X Window, you can use xcingb, which is a Chinese Input Method Server; libst. so.1 Chinese characters can be displayed anywhere. Use them together to display/enter Chinese characters ., There is a searcher in Freesoft, which can be easily used for search.

3. How can I enable RedHat Linux to automatically add Chinese support (libst. so.4) when X is started )?

There are two common methods: startx and xdm. You can add the following lines in the/etc/X11/xinit/Xclients file:

# TheNextLevel is supposed to work

# With both fvwm95 and fvwm2

# (Try fvwm95 first, then fvwm2 ).

For FVWMVER in 95-2 2;

Do if [-n "$ (type-path fvwm $ {FVWMVER})"];

Then env> "$ HOME"/Xrootenv.0

!!!! LD_PRELOAD =/usr/home/min/ZhXwin/lib/libst. so.4

!!!! Export LD_PRELOAD

# If this works, we stop here

Eval "exec fvwm $ {FVWMVER }$ {FVWMOPTIONS}">

"$ HOME"/. FVWM $ {FVWMVER}-erro

Rs 2> & 1

Fi

Done

There are !!!! The two rows are added. Note that you need to change the path of/usr/home/min/ZhXwin/lib/libst. so.4 to yours.

4. introduce the concept of Linux partition. How do I set partitions when I use Linux?

Linux uses the standard DOS partition format, so it can share the hard disk with other operating systems (such as DOS/OS/2/Win9X/WinNT/Win2000. Like other UNIX systems, Linux does not have the, B, C, and D Drive concepts. The so-called partition is to divide the hard disk into several logically independent parts, each part can be used independently without affecting each other. You can create a file system on a partition or a swap area ). The partition condition is recorded in the first sector of each hard disk, which is called "Master auto-lifting Record" (MBR, Master Bootstrap Record ).

If Linux is only for personal use, it is best to set three partitions:

1) root file system

2) swap

3)/usr File System

Because the DOS Fdisk does not know how to set partitions in other systems, you can enable the DOS Fdisk to partition and install DOS, and then use the Linux fdisk program to set partitions in Linux. In Linux, you can install primary partitions or partitions in extended partitions (multiple extended partitions can exist on one hard disk ). Linux can read and write FAT32 partitions.

5. Can Linux and PWin98 coexist? Can they coexist on the same hard disk and implement Dual Boot?

Yes. But Linux partition and Win98 partition is not compatible, Win98 can not access the Linux ext-2 file system, Linux can access any Win98 file system. We recommend that you give Linux a separate hard disk, because although Linux can coexist with other operating systems, Win98 is prone to crash and may damage Linux.

The specific method is:

1) first, you need to free up some hard disk space, which is 200 or 300 MB. Use software such as PQMagic to separate a partition from the original hard disk.

2) Next, install Linux into the new partition just like Linux. After Linux is installed, you can use Lilo (which can choose to start Linux or PWin98). If you do not want others to know that Linux is installed on the machine, you can use Loadlin to start Linux in ms dos mode.

Another method is to use UMDOS, which is to place the Linux File System on the DOS file system. The effect is not very good and is not recommended.

Note: you must first install other operating systems and then install Linux. Linux will help you manage all your systems very politely. Do not install Linux before installing 98, because 98 will treat the hard drive primary Partition Boot area as your own, regardless of other people's lives. When 98 is installed, only 98 partitions are allocated. When Linux is installed, use the Linux partition command to create your own partition.

6. Can I check the ext2 partition software under Win98?

1) there is a small tool that can be used, but it only works under NT.

2) You can install the Linux partition under win98, and then you can view the file under the ext2 partition in the resource browser.

3) There is also a winext2 program that allows you to browse all Linux partition files under win98.

A)download winext2_016.zip.

B) decompress the package to a directory (for example, c: \ winext2 ).

C) run the DOS batch command file install in c: \ winext2. bat installation, the installation result is to copy the vxd files used by two win98 to the corresponding directory of windows, it is best to put c: the mount.exe program under the \ winext2 directory is also copied to the windows directory.

D) restart the machine.

Run mount.exe in the Windows window of win98. you can view the list of all partitions.

F) Find the linux native partition in the partition information list, write down its device name, and run the following command to install the Linux partition: mount/dev/hda3 g (where g is the desired drive letter)

G) Open "my computer". If the drive g is available, "hda3 (G :)" is displayed on the machine. Double-click this icon to list the Linux directories.

You can write the installation command in step F As A Batch command file so that you can execute it every time you want to view the linux partition. If you want to uninstall the Linux partition, restart win98. If the Linux partition is mounted every time win98 is started, write the installation command into the autoexec. bat file under the c: root directory.

7. How can I know FAT32 partitions in Linux?

Go to www-plateau.cs.berkeley.edu/lele/chaffee/fat32.htmlto download a fat32patch.

8. Can I build a Linux or NT dual system? What should I do? What should I pay attention?

Linux can coexist with any other operating system on the PC, but it is something of Microsoft, especially NT and Win98, which may cause damage to Linux. To put it simply:

1) if NT is installed first, use LILO for boot selection. The method is no different from that for Linux/DOS Dual Boot. NT does not make any changes to MBR.

If you want to use NTFS as the NT partition format when installing NT, remember that currently Linux cannot use NTFS partition and can read the Alpha driver of NTFS partition, we recommend that you create another FAT partition for data exchange or DOS-formatted disk. In addition, we recommend that you do not use NT's "Disk System Administrator" to create Linux replicas and root directory partitions. We recommend that you use Linux's fdisk.

2) if Linux is installed first, install LILO on the boot block of the root partition instead of MBR. After Linux is installed, assume that the root partition is in/dev/hda5, dd if =/dev/hda5 of = bootsect. lnx count = 1, set this bootsect. place lnx on a floppy disk or a DOS partition for backup. Next, install NT. After that, you can start NT and then set the bootsect. copy lnx to C: \ and change c: \ boot. ini, add c: \ bootsect at the end. lnx = "Linux", Linux will be available in the NT boot menu in the future.

Note that every time you upgrade the core, or modify/etc/lilo. conf, you must regenerate bootsect. lnx once lilo is performed. Otherwise, you will be able to discard all your efforts.

9. How can I start LINUX?

There are three main methods:
1) Use the LILO method.

LILO is a very good startup manager. You can install LILO in either of the following ways:

A) It is the best to install it in the master boot zone (MBR). It should be noted that the MBR content is independent of the operating system, and lilo will not be installed on Dos, Win9X, windows NT partitions have any influence, but the installation program and kv300 of Win9X will destroy LILO.

B) install it in the boot block of the Linux root partition, that is, the hda5 0 block. This method is suitable for the use of System Commander, Win NT, OS/2 and other boot selection scenarios. In essence, the guiding choice is to select a suitable partition, read its 0 blocks into the memory, and then run it.

2) use NT as the guiding management method.

This method is troublesome. After lilo is installed, run: dd if =/dev/hda6 of =/mnt/dosc/bootsect. lnx count = 1 assume that your dos c: mount to/mnt/dosc, and then modify the boot. ini, followed by c: \ bootsect. lnx = "Linux", (the boot selector of NT is located in the Boot Record of drive C. It has nothing to do with MBR. Installation of LILO will not affect it !)

3) Use a floppy disk.

This method is suitable for testing new compiled kernels and is not suitable for daily use.

10. How can I directly start Linux from DOS without restarting my computer?

You can place LOADLIN. EXE in a sub-directory (DOS partition) under the DOS path, and then copy the kernel to a sub-directory such as C: \ DOS \ VMLINUZ. The following batch files can be used to start linux:

Rem linux. bat

Smartdrv/C

Loadlin c: \ dos \ vmlinuz root =/dev/hda2 r

If Win98 is used, set the features of this batch file to start from the MS-DOS state.

11. Three systems are installed on the hard disk: Linux, Win98, and WinNT. How can I install and make them coexist?

Win98 is a very domineering system, which will not hesitate to dominate the boot zone of the primary partition of the hard disk. You should first install other systems, and finally install Linux. Linux will help you manage all the systems politely. Start Linux with a floppy disk, input mount root = Your Linxu partition during BOOT, and then run the command: lilo-D default system number to reset Lilo.

Linux can also be placed on the sub-partitions in the extended partitions, but lilo cannot be placed on the sub-partitions. If you want to coexist with NT, do not place lilo on MBR and in the primary partition except Win98 and NT. The primary partition must be a Linux partition or an extended partition, but it cannot be a subpartition. Use Linux fdisk to set the partition with lilo as the active partition.

Let NT help start Win98, otherwise it will not start. First install W98/DOS and then install NT. After confirming that they can all be started through the boot manager of NT, install Linux. Lilo only enables Linux and NT and Win98 for NTBootManager to be managed. It does not matter whether lilo can be started.

If there is no NT and only W98/DOS, you must set the W98/DOS partition to an active partition, that is, lilo must be placed on the MBR.

12. How can we see whether LILO is installed on MBR or SuperBlock?

You only need to check the boot entry in/etc/lilo. conf. Take/dev/hda as an example,

If it is boot =/dev/hda, it is mounted on MBR,

If it is boot =/dev/hda2 and so on, it is mounted on the SuperBlock of the second partition.

Because/dev/hda indicates the entire hard disk, you will not be asked about MBR or SuperBlock when installing Redhat, but will choose hda or hda2. Slackware should be more intuitive.

13. When Linux is started, you must enter linu ether = 300 x at the prompt of lilo to correctly start the NE2000 compatible Nic. Is there any way to add this parameter to the Startup File?

Add append = "ether = 300 x, eth0" in/etc/lilo. conf and run lilo.

14. How do I create a boot disk in Linux?

The method is:

1) put a floppy disk with an ext2 file system into the soft drive. If a file system has not been created, run the command mkfs. ext2/dev/fd0 (assume that the floppy disk is in A: Drive)

2) copy the kernel to a floppy disk. You can first use the mount command to mount the floppy disk to the system, and then run the command cp/vmlinuz/mnt/floppy (assuming the Kernel File is/vmlinuz, floppy Disk mounting/mnt/floppy)

3) type: rdev/dev/fd0/dev/hda1 (assuming that the root file system is on/dev/hda1)

15. How to Create a logical disk in the first extended partition in Linux?

Which device is mounted! Partitions In the first extended partition are from 5 to 8, the second extended partition is from 9 to 12, and the third extended partition is from 13 to 16. /Dev/hd? 2. No. Do I have to use/dev/hd? 5. In Linux, multiple DOS Primary partitions can be created on a single disk, and the Microsoft system recognizes them. Multiple extended partitions can also be created.

16. After downloading the new kernel, how can I install it?

Unbind the new kernel to the/usr/src directory, and change/usr/src/linux to point it to the new kernel, assuming the new kernel is installed under the linux-2.2.35 directory. Then, go to the/usr/src/linux directory, make config, make menuconfig, or make xconfig to configure the kernel. After the kernel is configured and stored, execute make dep, make zImage, make clean. For details, refer to the instructions in the Documentation directory of the kernel directory.

17. How do I install ReadHat Linux from a CD-ROM?

In the CDROM of RedHat Linux 6.1, there is an ezstart. bat. You can run this program in DOS to help make the Boot and supplement disks. ezstart has a detailed prompt and follow the instructions. The supplement disk is not required for installation from the CDROM. You only need to start the Boot disk.

If you cannot identify the optical drive, you can also copy all the content in the RedHat Directory on the CDROM to the DOS partition. The directory structure of the DOS partition should be as follows:

C:

| -- RedHat

| Bytes

|

| -- RPMS

| -- Base

| -- Others

| Bytes

| -- Others

|

Note: The installation from the hard disk requires a supplement disk. For more information, see "RedHat Offical Installation Guide" in the/doc/RHmanual directory of CDROM ".

18. How can someone else enter the system with a user name?

If RedHat is used, you can use PAM to add the following line to/etc/pam. d/login session required/lib/security/pam_limits.so, and then modify/etc/security/limits. conf

19. When RedHat6.1 is started, syncing time for xntpd is displayed and paused for two minutes. The prompt is 26 jul 14:31:31 ntpdate <312> can't find host tock.usno.navy.mil. Then, the response is paused for five minutes. What's going on?

Remove timed from the startup task to save the synchronization time every time you start the task.

20. Can the swap partition only be 16 MB? How large is the swap zone required for 32 M and M memory?

Core Rules: each SWAP partition can contain up to 128 MB of data and multiple SWAP partitions. For 32 M memory, 64 m swap is a good choice, but the SWAP usage will be very low, generally less than 10%, that is, 32 m swap is enough to deal with the vast majority of situations; for MB memory, it is enough to enable SWAP of MB in RedHat. It seems that SWAP occupies a maximum of 30 m-60m in addition to KDE and Netscape, and does not occupy more than 12 M in other periods.

21. The Linux free display report is as follows:

Total used free shared buffers cached

Mem: 6548 6484 64 2292 104 1504

Buffers/cache: 4876 1672

Swap: 0 0 0

Why is the switch partition 16 M Swap displayed as 0?

Swap is built, but free does not. There are several possibilities:

1) delete/dev/sda6 swap ults 1 1 in/etc/fstab and replace/dev/sda6 with the swap partition name

2) If the content in/etc/rc. d has not been modified, it must be that the swap partition is not initialized or damaged. Run the following command to create mkswap-c/dev/sda6 and replace/dev/sda6 with the swap partition name.

3) The system initialization file is corrupted. Check/etc/rc. d/* and correct them.

22. How do I open the XWindow interface and set the wallpaper?

Startx; Convert GIF. JPEG and tiff image files to xpm format by using XV, and then run the following command:

Xpmroot [your_xpm_file.xpm]

23. How do I set the display resolution in X windows?

Run setup and you will see an xconfigator option in it. You can use it to change all settings. If the automatic detection fails, you can set it manually.

24. How do I configure a PPP connection in a X-WINDOWS?

Xisp is a good dial-up tool software for X-WINDOWS, but before installing xisp, you need to install Xforms first, go to sunsite to download. If KDE is used, you can easily use the kppp provided by KDE.

25. What are fvwmsr, fvwmsr98, and tvwm? How can I set a Management window such as fvwm as large as the actual physical window?

Fvwmsr, fvwmsr98, and tvwm are Windows window management programs, just like the resource manager under Win98.

There is a file named XF86Config. Slackware is stored in the/etc directory. Find the Screen Section in this file and change the value after the Virtual display mode to the desired value. Note that there may be more than one Screen Section, and you have to modify the actually used one, otherwise it will not work. Find the correct Section Screen, and find the correct Subsection corresponding to different Depth, otherwise it will not work.

26. After RedHat Linux enters the X-Window, once the Window is switched, the X-Window will die and only restart. How can this problem be solved?

Ctrl + alt + Fn (n = 1, 2 ,... 6) to switch the virtual screen, ctrl + alt + F7 from the Character Mode back to X, switch back to X for a period of time, do not move the mouse (about 2 seconds), otherwise the X connection will be broken, then restart startx/openwin.

27. Use the Xconfigurator command to configure the XWINDOW, which can be 800*600 and 16bit color. However, when using some programs, the window height of the program is greater than the desktop height, so that the menu is invisible in the program window, And the status bar is not found below, and the window cannot be moved. How can this problem be solved?

Put a. Xdefaults file in the home directory and configure the size and font of each X client program to be used. Generally, using a smaller font will have an effect. For details about how to configure it, use the man command to view the corresponding command manual.

28. After XF86Setup is set to X-window, the program can be started, but the resolution is not 1024*768*256, or 640*480*256, how can I set it to 800*600*65536?

If you have set/etc/X11/XF86Config (redhat) or/etc/XF86Config (slackware) correctly, you can use <keypad +> to dynamically change the resolution.

29. How does one dial up an ISP in Linux?

If redhat 6.0 is used, you can use the redhat method to solve the problem. The solution is as follows:

1) Go to X windows, and open control pannel.

2) Select the network configuration and add ppp0 to the lo0 and eth0 locations on the network interface.

3) Fill in the startup parameters, such as the phone number. Pay attention to the modification of the Start description section. The original start description Section supports login :.. password :... timeout 5. Some ISPs use username :... password :... annex: ppp timeout 5

4) The ppp settings are completed when the disk is exited.

You only need to enable the network configuration and change ppp0 to activate. You can set the boot option to on if you want to enable auto-start upon startup.

30. How do I configure Dial-Up PPP to connect to the ISP?

Pppd and chat can be used for connection. It is best to write a shell script under/root, for example, to get the name dppp-connect, and execute it each time you want to connect.

1) first, you should know the number of the incoming ISP (such as 163), the incoming account number and password provided by the ISP, and the serial port on which the MODEM is connected. Use root for login and edit ~ /Ppp-connect

Pppd connect 'chat-v "your_init_string" ATDTisp_number CONNECT "" Login: your_username word: your_passwd '/dev/tty (0/1/2) speed modem

Pppd in the system/usr/sbin/pppd, and then use chat to dial, Chat will send the initialization string to the MODEM, dial the ISP phone number, waiting for CONNECT and Login: account symbol, and then send out the password. Now the chat is complete, and the rest is done by pppd. The last command is to specify the MODEM on that serial port (for example, in/dev/ttyS1). Generally, it is in ttyS1 (COM2 under DOS), ttyS0 (COM1 under DOS ), for example, the Slackware version is cua1 or cua0. Spped refers to the modem speed. In addition, the-v option of pppd is very useful in the debugging phase. Example ~ /The content of ppp-connect is:

Pppd connect 'chat "ATZ" ATDT163 CONNECT "" Login: john Password: mypass'/dev/ttyss1 115200 modem

2) When you log on to an ISP, You must select the protocol used to establish a connection. For example, you can enter ppp to establish a ppp connection. In this case ,~ /Ppp-connect: pppd connect 'chat "ATZ" ATDT163 CONNECT "" Login: john Password: mypass $ ppp '/dev/ttyS1 115200 modem

3) for the sake of security, it is set that only the root user can perform read and write operations.

31. How should I write a dialing script?

The dialing script should generally be:

Proc main

Transmit ""

Waitfor "Username:" until 10

Transmit $ USERID, raw

Transmit ""

Waitfor "Password:" until 10

Transmit $ PASSWORD, raw

Transmit ""

Waitfor "Selection:" until 10

Transmit "1"

Transmit "" set ipaddr getip

Endproc

Line 3 indicates waiting for the login screen to display "Username:". Line 3 simulates the keyboard to enter an online account ($ USERID)

Line 3 indicates waiting for the login screen to display "Selection:". Line 3 simulates the keyboard input 1. You should rewrite the above script according to the actual display on the screen when you log on to the ISP.

32. How does one enable Win98 workstation to access the Internet through a Linux host?

The DNS of each workstation should point to the DNS of the ISP, or simply open a DNS server with cache only and forward only on the Linux host. If the DNS has been completed, it is very easy to use squid, default configuration file/etc/squid. conf can work (you may need to change the http port number to 8080) and implement the cache function. The specific steps are as follows:

1) set up PPP to ensure Internet access on the Linux host.

2) Run squid-z to create the cache directory.

3)/etc/squid. conf. It can work by default, but can be changed or not. If you want to change it, change http_port from 3128 to 8080.

When you need to access the Internet in the future, connect to PPP, run squid &, set the proxy on the client, and everything is OK. If you upgrade pppd to 2.3.5, you can also configure it to "dial on demand ".

33. How can I access the Internet from multiple hosts in Linux?

There are two methods:

1) proxy method (squid or other proxies ).

2) ipmasq + squid Method

If you only need to browse Web pages and download files, use the first method. RedHat has squid rpm, which is well configured.

34. How can I enable remote access on a Linux host so that I can dial back to the office at home and use the PPP protocol to access the LAN?

Add s1: 12345: respawn:/sbin/mgetty ttyS1 to the/etc/inittab.

35. After dialing with minicom, I have already entered the user name and password. A lot of garbled characters are displayed on the screen, but I don't know how to run script and pppd. How can I use a browser?

Run minicom and enter the ISP's phone number. enter username and passwd. Press Ctrl + Q. If a strange character appears, the connection is successful. Run the following command: pppd/dev/modem establishes a connection with the ISP.

36. How can I find a Netscape browser in Linux? Is there an html editing tool in Linux?

Available in the free software library/pub/mirrors/ftp.netscape.com/pub.

Netscape Navigator Gold Communicator 4. x or above can be used to complete this task. Emacs is also supported.

37. How can I add the Web Mail function in Linux, in addition to writing CGI?
You can only use CGI or c to write data.

38. What should I do if "pop3 server error" is displayed when receiving messages from Linux?

Check whether ipop3d is available under/usr/sbin. If not, it is not installed or reinstalled during installation. If yes, try telnet localhost 110. If no response is received, it is/etc/inetd. if the conf file has a problem, check whether there is # In front of POP-3 #.

39. How can I set FTP to upload files?

Add the writeable chmd a + w/home/ftp/incoming attribute to the/home/ftp/incoming directory, and then upload the chmd to the incoming directory.

40. How can I solve the NFS permission ban problem?

By default, NFS does not allow local directory mount. You can modify/etc/exports and add a line:

/Yyy (rw) (yyy indicates the local directory you want to mount .)

41. How to set up Telnet from other machines to the Redhat Linux server is not time-saving. The UNIX system does not allow remote logon by the root user. Add the following settings to the/etc/securetty file:

Ttyp0

Ttyp1

Can be set to allow.

42. How can I make a Linux server a DHCP server and have directory service functions?

A dhcpd can be used to complete this task, which is included in RH6.1. Others can be downloaded from freesoft.cei.gov.cn.

You can use the directory service to search for contacts, phone numbers, and other information based on the name and Email address. The LDAP server software running on Linux provides this service. You can download the latest version from sunsite.unc.edu.

43. What should I do if I set Slackware Linux as a server so that others can dial up to connect to a Linux host through modem? How can I enable the modem of a Linux host to respond to dialing?

1) Add this line to the/etc/inittab:

D1: 345: respawn:/sbin/agetty-mt60 38400,19200, 9600,2400, 1200 ttyS1

(Assume that the modem is on the second serial port. Note: The mingetty in RedHat cannot be used for this purpose. You can download mgetty from freesoft.cei.gov.cn .)

2) If your modem has a switch, you can set it as a response method. If there is no switch, check its manual to find out which AT command is used for setting, place the setting command in/etc/rc. d/rc. local.

44. How to share resources between Linux and Win98?

There is a well-known software called Samba that can run on a variety of Unix systems, including Linux. It supports SMB protocols running on TCP/IP, you can simulate a Unix host as a Windows NT Server. RedHat 6.1 contains Samba. You only need to modify the/etc/smb. conf file as needed and run smbd and nmbd. For example, run Samba first and set the/home/share directory to be writable by all users: chmod a + w/home/share