Introduction to computer science: Introduction to computer systems and Computing Systems

Computer systems and computing systems are different.

I. Computer Systems
1. Overview
A computer is a device. A computer system consists of computer hardware and software, computer hardware is a set of physical components that constitute machine accessories (including chassis, circuit boards, chips, wires, hard drives, keyboards, displays, printers, and so on. Computer software is a set of programs (such as database management systems and graphics programs) that provide commands executed by computers ). The core of a computer system is the data it manages. Without data, hardware and software are useless.
2. System Hierarchy
The relationship between the layers is that the inner layer is the supporting environment of the outer layer, and the outer layer does not have to understand the inner layer details. You only need to call the services provided by the inner layer according to the Conventions. The operating system is in an important position in the hierarchy. It directly contacts the underlying hardware, manages and controls hardware resources, and provides support for the upper-layer software. In this way, the user and the machine are isolated, and the user's computer becomes the operating system.

Ii. Computing System
1. Overview
A computing system is a dynamic entity implemented to comprehensively solve a problem and interacts with its environment. In addition to data management supported by hardware and software, it also performs inter-network communication to comprehensively solve the problem. A computing system consists of hardware, software, and data they manage. The main purpose is to solve the problem.
2. System Hierarchy
The hierarchy of computer systems is like an onion. Each layer plays a specific role. You may not bite the onion like an apple, but you can split it into concentric circles. Each time we analyze and discuss only one layer, each layer executes simple tasks, but combining each layer together can implement large and complex tasks.

Next we will discuss each layer of the computing system from the inside out, also known as the bottom-up.
Information layer:
The inner information layer reflects the information expression on the computer. It is a pure concept layer.
Hardware layer:
The hardware layer is composed of the physical hardware of the computer system. Computer Hardware includes devices with doors and circuits that control current based on basic principles. These core circuits allow dedicated components (such as the CPU and memory of a computer) to run.
Program Design layer:
The program design layer is mainly responsible for processing software, instructions for computing, and data management. A program can be executed in multiple languages. Despite the diversity of programming issues, they are designed to solve the problem.
Operating system layer:
Each computer uses an operating system to manage computer resources. The operating system enables us to interact with computer systems and manage the interaction between hardware devices, programs, and data,
Application Layer:
The preceding layer (we can call it internal) focuses on making computer systems run, while the application layer focuses on solving real-world problems with computers. We use computer capabilities by running applications in other fields. For example, designing a building or playing game.
Communication layer:
Computers are no longer just personal application systems. We use computer technology for communication. The communication layer is the basic layer for computing system operations. The computer connects to shared information and resources over a network.