Introduction to Quantum Theory

Quantum Theory

Quantum Theory is obviously the most cutting-edge theory in the 21st century. Its Influence covers all aspects of human civilization, and even includes philosophy and culture. The classic materialism or idealism we have known have gradually blurred the margin after quantum theory. Our understanding of history, our understanding of matter, and our understanding of the universe, our understanding of people will be fundamentally changed by the study of quantum theory. This kind of change has come long ago. It is only because it is too shocking and obscure. Therefore, people's attitude towards quantum theory is pragmatic. That is to say, we don't know why it is like this, however, this does not prevent us from knowing that it is like this, nor prevent us from using quantum innate ). However, with our in-depth research on quantum theory, this theory will sooner or later be reflected at the philosophical level. Therefore, quantum theory has set off a devastating revolution in the field of natural science, it will be staged on the same scale in the field of philosophy. I have no doubt that humans are standing on the threshold to recognize the true origins of the world, and humans have never discovered it as they do today, my understanding of the world turned out to be so ignorant.
　　
The biggest problem with quantum theory is that we have many explanations, but we don't know which one is correct. It seems that every explanation is so strange and inexplicable, if proved to be correct, its inferences can all subvert our understanding of the entire universe. Currently, mainstream quantum theory interpretations include the Copenhagen Interpretation, multi-world interpretation, multi-historical (coherent) interpretation, implicit variable interpretation, integrated interpretation, and hyperstring interpretation, the result of endless disputes is that every explanation is widely deduced and interpreted by the opponent, in order to find out the contradictions or inconsistency. However, until now, these mainstream interpretations are both self-explanatory and self-consistent in theory, but the results of these interpretations After derivation are really unacceptable. Even a physicist once claimed that if Copenhagen had unfortunately been correct, he would not have been engaged in physical work since then-A scientist had lived earlier, and if he had been born decades later, I am afraid that some new interpretations of the current theoretical circle will even vomit blood.
　　
So what is quantum theory?
　　
Quantum theory is very simple, that is, the study of basic particles. The basic particle has many unique properties. One of the most typical features is the wave-particle binary that we have long been familiar. We are a High School of light, the particle two elephant, in fact, all basic particles have this feature, such as electronics. The so-called wave-particle two-Elephant property refers to the fact that light shows the properties of waves under certain circumstances and classic particles under certain circumstances. The so-called wave properties can be proved by interference and diffraction experiments, while the properties of particles can be proved by photoelectric effects (this proof is made by Einstein ). The question is, what is the basic particle?
　　
We are all very familiar with the dual-slit interference experiment of light. When a light passes through two slit, it will form a dark and dark interference pattern after the slit. Obviously, photon uses two slit channels at the same time to form self-interference. However, as a basic particle, the size of the photon is comparable to that of the two slit channels, so how does it pass through two slit at the same time?
　　
In fact, this simple double slit interference experiment contains the most profound secret of quantum theory. So far, we are not sure to claim that we have understood how photon passes through these two troughs at the same time. I remember that when I learned the double-slit interference in high school, I was so angry with my teacher. Later I understood that the interpretation of this phenomenon actually involves the most basic quantum theory, it is also the most profound core part.
　　
Quantum Theory is unique in comparison with other physical theories. Other physical theories, such as Newton's mechanics, thermodynamic, electromagnetism, and narrow sense and general relativity, are all theories developed after summing up the basic law. Once confirmed, the basic law will not be changed or shaken, it became the basis of theory, such as Newton's law, three laws of thermodynamic, and the formula of energy. However, quantum theory is completely different. If other theories are internal and external, quantum theory is from external to internal: we have learned some properties of basic particles and have been widely used, but why do they show these properties? After decades, we have n explanations, but in the final analysis, we are still confused.
　　
The Copenhagen School, which created and promoted quantum mechanics, is the Copenhagen School if there are so-called orthodox topics in the chaotic quantum theory field. The explanation of this learning party is that the photon actually does not exist, and it only exists at the moment you observe it. However, the observer's observation of photon will affect the properties of photon. This school is very revolutionary. It abandons the reality of the material world and is represented by the wave function. In their view, the world and the universe are just a group of wave functions. Any matter is a group of waves and there is no reality. That is to say, there is no material in the classic sense, but when one person makes an observation, the wave functions of the observed object collapse instantly. All the basic particles that constitute the observed object are arranged according to the probability determined by the wave function to form substances in the macro sense, when the object is invisible, all the basic particles of the object become waves and gradually become pervasive throughout the universe.
　　
The Copenhagen Interpretation sounds boring and looks like nothing, but it is theoretically complete. For example, to explain the double slit interference, the Copenhagen School believes that if we do not observe, then a single photon is a wave, which can be described by the wave function, of course, self-interference will be formed. However, when a single photon hits the wall after a slit, it is equivalent to being observed by us, then its wave function will immediately collapse into a particle, the probability is randomly displayed at a point in the wall according to the wave function. When there are enough photon, the probability calculated by the wave function is small, there will be fewer photon, forming a dark stripe. Where the probability is large, there will be more photon, forming bright stripes.
　　
There is another multi-world explanation, which is more interesting than Copenhagen's explanation. This interpretation involves the world dimension. For example, we describe a point, first of all its three-dimensional coordinates (x, y, z). If this point is moving, it also has momentum, momentum is a vector with components in each dimension, so there are three additional quantities (P1, P2, P3 ), therefore, we can use six variables to describe the movement of any point in the 3D world. These six variables represent a point in the 6-dimensional space, that is, the state of a point in a 3D space at a certain time point can be expressed by a point in a 6-dimensional space. If we want to describe two vertices, we obviously need to use 12 variables, so we can also find a point in the 12-dimensional space to correspond to it. In our macro world, every object has a very large number of basic particles, which are set to N, so we can describe the movement of this object, we can use the motion of a vertex in a 6N dimension space to represent it. Why is it so exaggerated to use a 6 n dimension space? In mathematics, it is much easier to describe the movement of a point, even a point in a 6 N Dimension Space, than to describe N points in a 3 dimension space.
　　
If we think that the universe is an isolated system, the basic particles contained in the universe are fixed, so the state of the universe itself can be represented by a super-high-dimensional vector, since the state vector of the universe exists, we can use it to describe the cosmic wave function.
　　
This is an extremely complex wave function, but its complexity is not an essential problem. The essential problem is whether we can recognize its existence. An isolated system is the superposition state (probability superposition) evolved according to the schödnex equation. That is to say, in a definite space, all phenomena determined by probability occur, it only happens in different worlds, but these macro worlds are orthogonal and perpendicular to each other and never affect each other.
　　
Draw two lines on a two-dimensional plane. They are not highly perpendicular to each other, but draw two lines in a multi-dimensional space as "Two Worlds ", they are highly perpendicular to each other, because a straight line is two-dimensional and can develop freely in many directions without mutual interference. Therefore, in a high-dimensional macro space, any two worlds are orthogonal and vertical. However, in the microscopic space, dimensions are relatively low. Just like a straight line on a two-dimensional plane, they are likely to affect each other due to the intersection.
　　
We also use double-slit interference as an example. When a photon passes through the double slit, it does pass through both the left slit and the right slit. What does this mean? We cannot observe this at the same time because we are not in sufficient dimensions. In fact, in the true and complete sense, the motion of the photon only exists in the space of the cosmic dimension, it's just the projection of the real state of the photon in our space. Let us assume that there is a two-dimensional person who knows 3D motion only by the projection of the trajectory of 3D Motion in two-dimensional space, that is, a curve.
　　
So how does a photon pass through both the left slit and the right slit? If we only consider a photon passing through a slit, the cosmic state vector will be projected into two states through the left slit and through the right slit, so two worlds are generated, that is, the world where the photon passes through the left slit, we refer to the left world and the right world through right-slit with photon. Because we only consider one photon passing through a slit, the variables involved in this space are relatively small, that is, the dimension is relatively low. Therefore, the two worlds between the left and right are not vertical, the photon in the left world and the photon in the right world affect each other and pass through the gap at the same time, and then form interference. But when we observe at the Gap, or when the photon hits the wall, the space becomes larger immediately, because our observation behavior introduces countless basic particles to the system, the dimensions of the left and right worlds are suddenly increased by countless times. They are immediately orthogonal and vertical, and they no longer affect each other. This process is called coherent. Therefore, the left-world photon will always lose contact with the right-world photon, leaving only the definite probability instead of the superposition to determine where it should appear.
　　
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Quantum Theory is too esoteric. In fact, I just gave a rough introduction to the theoretical background and did not talk about my own ideas. The next time I will talk about other mainstream interpretations before I can truly enter the topic of this article, quantum theory and human consciousness. Please study these theoretical backgrounds. Otherwise, you may not be able to understand the background. If I am so enthusiastic that everyone will be able to hear it, I personally feel sorry.
　　

Part 2

By Baba Bret
I spoke about the Copenhagen Interpretation and multi-world interpretation last time. Now we use these two interpretations to deduce them separately to see what the source of the world looks like in quantum theory.
　　
The interpretation of quantum theory is based on the uncertainty principle. What is "Uncertainty Principle? We observe the nature of a macro object, such as its quality, its color, its shape, and even its motion speed. We need to use this object to communicate with the outside world to a certain extent. For example, in its shape, we can see this object because the photon hits this object, and then the object absorbs the photon of certain frequencies and rebounded the photon of certain frequencies, these rebounded photon came into our eyes, so we knew the appearance and color of the object.
　　
However, this macro observation method is not applicable to a very small particle. For example, if I want to know the state of an electron at a certain time point, this State contains at least two factors: 1, position, 2, momentum. How can we measure the state of this electron?
　　
We can use another particle to bomb it. Such as photon or another electron. When the photon encounters the electrons we want to measure, there is an exchange of energy between them, and then they part ways. We found the task-executing photon. We can calculate the momentum of the electron at the time of collision from the incident angle and refraction angle of the photon, but now where is it hit by the photon, only the day knows, and the place where the impact occurs is even more fascinating. So we get the momentum of the electron, but lose the position of the electron.
　　
Therefore, for the micro-world, because of the inherent contradiction between the measurement methods we can use and the objects we want to measure, we cannot obtain all the information of this object in one measurement. If we want to precisely know the position of a particle, We have to drastically change its momentum, and if we want to know its momentum, we lose its position. This contradiction cannot be solved logically. This is the principle of uncertainty.
　　
Well, in the eyes of classical physicists, although we cannot know the position and momentum of electrons at the same time, electrons still have these two quantities at the same time. But Pol thought: since we cannot measure both quantities at the same time, or even theoretically impossible, does it mean that the concept of a classic particle with both quantities does not exist in itself?
　　
Therefore, the great Pol created the Copenhagen School. This school holds that there are no particles in the world in the classic sense. The properties of the particles are determined by the observer's observation methods. Under some observation means, the particle presents an accurate position, and under other observation means, the particle presents an accurate momentum. Therefore, the particle actually only exists in observation, there is no real and objective particle outside the observation.
　　
So what are particles outside of observation? A particle is a wave. It is in the superposition state of the wave function, where the probabilities of all positions are superimposed and then filled in the whole space. However, when we perform an actual observation, the particle's wave function collapsed instantly and merged into a point. The probability of the point changed to 100%, and the probability of other positions changed to zero instantly.
　　
This world has become so amazing. When we close our eyes, all objects become the superposition of countless waves when we don't see them. But when we open our eyes, their wave functions collapse, then let's see the status of solidification. So what is the world? Why does its form depend on human observation? What are people? Since the world observed by humans is not a real world, what is the world in which humans exist?
　　
We began to gradually realize the great problems and significance brought about by quantum theory.
　　
Part 3

By Baba Bret
From now on, we have gradually reached the core of the problem. This problem is so far from common sense that we must first explain it in another experiment.
　　
This experiment is the famous "Xue Dinge's cat ".
　　
Xue Dinge assumes that a cat is shut down in a box, and there is a cruel device in the box that uses an atomic decay switch to control the gas. If an atom decay, the poison gas is released, causing the cat to be killed. If no decay occurs, the cat can survive.
　　
Now let's start the experiment. The cat is put into the box, so we can't see the cat, and we don't know whether the atom is decaying. According to Copenhagen, as long as we do not observe, the atom will always be in the superposition state of the wave function, and it may decay or not decay. It has no reality, the state of decay and non-decay are combined to form the whole. But Xue Dinge's device amplified this microscopic phenomenon into the macro field. The decay of this atom will determine the survival of a cat. before we open the box for observation, is this cat dead or not?
　　
Copenhagen explained that there was only one conclusion: Before we opened the box, the cat was also in the superposition of the dead/not dead states, and there was no dead cat, there is no living cat either. It was not until the cat opened the box that the function of the cat collapsed and showed us a dead cat or a living cat.
　　
When the inference goes through this step, we will surely find that the problem has become a bit strange.
　　
Well, some people may say that whether a cat is dead or alive does have a definite state at a certain time, but we can't see it. The rebuttals of this classic view are still the same as those of Pol's thinking about the principle of uncertainty. Since we cannot observe it, even in theory, this "definite state" is true ", what is different from "no definite status exists? Why do we need to make another assumption that there is such a "definite state" and we will not admit that this "definite state" itself does not exist?
　　
If there are two theories that can describe phenomena, we should adopt one with fewer assumptions. This is the scientific methodology. Therefore, we should acknowledge that there is no confirmed state of the cat.
　　
Well, in order to find out the accurate time for the atomic decay, we put a person in the box. Of course, this person carries a gas mask. Then this person should clearly observe that at a certain time, the gas was released and the cat was killed. Copenhagen explains that, as people in the system constantly observe and observe, the system's wave function collapsed once and then displayed a definite state.
　　
No. As long as a person does not participate, the cat will never die, and it will not die. If a person participates, it is either dead or active and shows a fixed state. What if I leave the cat alone in the box? Obviously, this person can still observe the definite moment of atomic decay.
　　
So what is the difference between people and cats?
　　
The difference is that people have consciousness, which causes the wave function to collapse. It is people's consciousness.
　　
Part 4
By Baba Bret
As a matter of fact, we can't proceed until the last section. The conclusions that determine the form of things and even the universe are actually human consciousness. for scientists, this conclusion is very unacceptable. After the radical schools of Copenhagen Interpretation abandoned the reality of the material world, we are also ready to discard objectivity, but for us, we are willing to be less radical. Instead, let us put this problem aside and see if there are any other discoveries, it may provide a better way of thinking and a better explanation.
　　
When people discover the uncertainty principle, they will understand that the destruction of old physics is approaching. Scientists cannot predict the development of things, which has deviated from the scientific goal. Soon afterwards, people gradually discovered that all physical quantities in the universe followed this principle, and the uncertainty principle was a general fundamental law. Another pair of physical quantities that cannot be measured at the same time is time and energy. As long as the energy measurement is more accurate, the time is blurred. In turn, the more accurate the time t measurement is, energy E began to fluctuate on a large scale.
　　
It was really bad. At this time, we found another big problem: in the quantum field, energy is not conservation. In a very, very short period of time, the energy will become erratic, and there will be large-scale ups and downs. Where does this ups and downs come from? Generated out of thin air. In fact, this kind of energy exists constantly in our world, but this boiling energy only exists for an instant and disappears at the next moment, so that we cannot feel this hustle and bustle, so that we always think that the energy in our universe is always conservation.
　　
Humans seem to have discovered that they accidentally entered the realm of God: energy can be created out of thin air.
　　
We are all familiar with the formula of prime energy. E = mc ^ 2, and the Energy equals the quality multiplied by the square of the light speed. Since energy can be created out of thin air, quality (I .e. material) of course, the same mechanism can also be used to create from scratch. What is this? This is the creation of the world. Our universe suddenly appeared at a time point 15 billion years ago. What happened at that time may never be known to us.
　　
By the way (the following has nothing to do with the topic of this article, but it also helps you to further understand the status quo of physics): Hawking has a very famous book, called the universe in the shell, the question is discussed in detail, but he still thinks that the universe is still physical at first. It is a mass, positive, and small (like a shell) space-time, the folding of the shell contains all information about the universe. One day, it experienced a dramatic expansion for unknown reasons, so our current universe came into being. In fact, I think this is still classic, and it has a greater relationship with relativity, which is far away from quantum theory.
　　
It seems necessary to talk about the relationship between relativity and quantum theory. These two theories are difficult to deal with, and they have extremely huge differences in the computing results of the same system, this led to the break between Einstein and quantum theory, and Einstein spent his half of his life on the efforts to find a unified field theory. However, it is strange that people found that the tools provided by the theory of relativity for systems of cosmic scale can produce extremely perfect results, while quantum theory shows its great power in micro systems, this is a headache. This means that the laws revealed by quantum theory in the micro-world cannot be applied in the macro world. However, the theory of relativity in the macro world is not applicable to the micro-field, so how is the micro-and macro-world linked? Furthermore, there are countless experimental results suggesting that quantum theory and relativity are only the distortion and simple form of a theory that completely reflects the real world under different conditions and environments. People have made great efforts to find such a theory, but so far, we have not been able to say that we have been sure to find this theory, or even cannot determine whether it actually exists, maybe the universe is such an unreasonable. It shows a kind of nature at the macro level, but it shows a completely different nature at the micro level. We will never get a panoramic view of it-the concept of the incomplete theorem of geder. In fact, this concept is more reasonable in the eyes of quantum theory. If you think about the principle of uncertainty, you will understand it.
　　
P.s. at present, the most popular hyperstring theory claims that it has proved that the unified cosmic theory exists and named it m-theory, there is still a long distance.
　　
My personal views on the soul
By Baba Bret
The following is a post written on the forum to discuss the topic of robotics and soul with some friends.
　　
There are countless bursts in the human brain. When the human being is stimulated by the outside world, the biological current will stimulate the brain to grow a series of new bursts. This stimulation is solidified, and memory is generated.
　　
The memory size of people is huge, which is almost impossible for our current technology. At the same time, the memory size of people is limited, to record and index the accumulated memory of a person within a limited capacity, the technology of fuzzy storage and fuzzy search becomes necessary.
　　
For example, each scene that we see through our eyes does not store all the information like the BMP dot matrix, but it is a trade-off. There are two possible cases:
1. Repeat scenes that have been viewed and memorized before will be discarded by memories, that is, memories only record the experiences that make people feel excited.
2. Even the data recorded by memory selection will not be recorded in all, but will be compressed and blurred through a series of algorithms. As a result, humans cannot completely repeat a thing from memory, however, recording only the most typical and important features proves that the memory only records the experiences that stimulate people.
　　
On the other hand, extracting data from memory is often only in the flash of the electro-optic Firestone. In such a short period of time, it is impossible to find a record that perfectly meets the index conditions. Therefore, human behaviors add some logical factors beyond reason, which we call sensibility. That is to say, when humans are stimulated by the outside world and can find the correct response when searching for relevant behavioral characteristics from memory, we call it rational behavior. If an incorrect response is found, we... It is called a perceptual behavior. If someone's search capability is very vague, his response speed will be faster, but it is often easy to use emotions. Therefore, sensitive people are usually more emotional, which is the reason.
　　
Third, the human brain is constantly simulating practical experience. This kind of simulation will also stimulate the formation of the trigger. That is to say, memory is not simulated or practical, and only controlled by the brain, at present, we believe that the brain's control means are bioelectricity. Therefore, humans can learn through imagination, which makes it possible to accumulate knowledge. The so-called learning is to remember the behavioral characteristics (including thinking behavior) in different situations. This determines that humans can greatly shorten the response time by searching for memories, reasoning and calculation are not required in every situation.
　　
My conclusion is that the human brain is a large-scale computer based on logical operations that uses fuzzy records and fuzzy search techniques. Because the logic rules are fixed, as long as the memory can be copied, the soul can also be copied, but the copied memory can only be used by the brain, because it is incompatible at the current level that I can think about. I still cannot figure out the computing modes and Principles of the brain, or understand the data interfaces of memory. Therefore, I want to provide human memory directly to machines, even in the foreseeable future, it will not work.
　　
However, the robot's native record, as well as the computer that uses the record, seems to be able to generate a soul. "Precision" is the heaviest shackle that humans impose on machines. It is necessary to develop machine talents because of its precision, but it is also because of "precision ", the memory capacity, computing speed, and even evolutionary speed of robots are far behind us. One day, when robots no longer require "precision", but humans cannot make a revolutionary evolution, I think they are doomed to surpass humans.
　　
　　
　　
Finally, I believe that we do not have the basic knowledge to discuss the soul, and our understanding of life is close to ignorance. However, I also think that this kind of thinking is helpful for researchers to choose the research direction, so it is also valuable.

Note: This article from http://www.douban.com/group/topic/2180813/