Introduction to resources

Chapter 2 Introduction to resources
Section 1 concept of resources
The concept of resource is as people know about resources
The utilization level is constantly changing.
Therefore, resources are a dynamic concept.
Reference monograph:
Natural resources, edited by Chen Yongwen, China East Normal University Press
Economics of Environment and Natural Resources, Tom tietenberg (US ),
Tsinghua University Press
Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, Zhang Fan, Shanghai People's Publishing House
Introduction to natural resources, Liu chengwu, Yang Zirong, Fang zhongquan,
Science Press
Environmental and Resource Value Assessment, A. Myrick Freeman (US ),
Renmin University of China Press
Resource and Environmental Economics, edited by Lu chuanyi, Tsinghua University Press
Resources Economics, Jon M. Conrad (English ),
The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge,
UK
"Resources are useful and valuable substances discovered by people ."
-- Alan randel Resource Economics (1974)
"The so-called resources, especially natural resources, refer to a period of time and location
Which can produce economic value to improve the current and future welfare of mankind.
Natural factors and conditions ".
-- United Nations Environment Programme
"Resources are the natural factors and social factors that people use to create social wealth.
."
"In nature, all natural elements that can be used by humans ."
-- Chen Yongwen natural resources science (1994)
Resource definition is: in a certain period, a certain location, according to the people's congress in this period
Public consumption preferences and the level of science and technology, which exist in this location can be used
The sum of input or potential input factors for macroeconomic activities.
Section 2
Resource System classification
Regarding the classification of resource systems, researchers focus on
The classification methods vary.
It can be summarized into the following types: Philosophical Understanding of resources or
This article elaborates on the sociology of resources.
Scientific Understanding or elaboration of the source; development and utilization of resources
Understanding or elaboration of environmental protection and the evolution of resources
Ji Xue understands or elaborates.
I. Classification by resource nature
(1) Natural Resources
1. Natural resources are classified by their regeneration
2. Natural resources are classified by their controllability
(2) Socio-economic and technical resources
Social and economic resources, or social and cultural resources, are
Refers to the social economy that directly or indirectly acts on production.
Factors. Technical resources also fall into the category of social resources.
Ii. Classification by resource usage
(1) Agricultural Resources
(1) agricultural natural resources. Natural land, climate, water,
Biological resources.
(2) social and economic resources. Serving agriculture directly and closely related to agriculture
Related and agricultural labor resources, including agricultural capital and credit.
(2) Industrial Resources
(1) Industrial natural resources. Such as mineral deposits and biology; (2) Socio-economic
Resources, such as industrial energy; (3) industrial human resources.
(3) Service resources
Iii. Classification by resource availability
(1) Real Resources
Resources that can be used in the current or short time.
(2) potential resources
It indicates that it cannot be used immediately, but it is not far from the past.
Resources that may be used.
(3) Waste Resources
It is also called reusable resources.
Section 3 features of the Resource System
In human economic activities, there are a variety of natural and social
Resources are interconnected and mutually restricted to form
Resource systems with complex structures. Understand the Resource System
Categories and features for development, utilization, management, and
It is important to protect resources.
I. Features of resources
1. Limited
2
. Integrity
3
. Regionality
4
. Versatility
Ii. Features of the Natural Resource System
(
1)
Imbalance and regularity of natural resource distribution
(
2)
Limitation and infinity of Natural Resources
(
3)
Versatility of Natural Resources
(
4)
Systematic nature of natural resources
3. Characteristics of Social Resource System
(
1)
Social nature of social resources
(
2)
Inheritance of social resources
(
3)
Social Resource dominance
(
4)
Mobility of social resources
(
5)
Imbalance of social resources
Section 4
Relationship between resource scarcity and Social Development
In-situ resource reserves are limited, and renewable resources are broken
Bad, the population rapidly increases, and the environmental system's damage is weakened.
In recent years
Scarcity has become a potential constraint for the development of human society.
I. History of resource scarcity
The development of civilization is always accompanied by the development and utilization of resources.
However, when its development exceeds its own
When the source infrastructure and organizational structure are involved, the crisis changes from recessive
The dominant limiting factor for economic and social development and progress.
From the perspective of history development, resource shortage in different periods is characteristic:
(1) historical land resource crisis
(2) the boom in the west in four hundred years
(3) Resource Crisis in prosperity
(4) Global Ecological Crisis
Ii. Inspiration from the resource crisis
The Development of Science and Technology accelerates the development and utilization of resources, but it also brings
A huge waste and destruction of resources, as well as an imbalance in the ecosystem
Environmental Pollution.
"We should not indulge in our victory over nature. Pair
Each victory, nature retaliates against us ".
-- Engels "Dialectics of Nature"
The natural resources on the earth are limited, and the scarcity of resources is increasing.
Drama.
By looking for new alternative resources
Resource Scarcity;
Humans must follow the laws of nature and ecology and pay attention to this
Timely supplement of material and energy lost by the system, constantly
Improve its regeneration function;
The elimination of resource scarcity must be continuously and timely slowed down
It plays an important role in ensuring long-term stability in human society.
Iii. Meaning and measurement of resource scarcity
(1) narrow scarcity
It refers to a resource or product at a certain time and place.
Lack of quality and quantity.
(2) scarcity in a broad sense
Any operator in a competitive market with a price greater than zero
Products are scarce.
(3) absolute and relative scarcity
Absolute: refers to the absolute loss of a certain resource or product in a certain period.
Shortage of quantity.
Relativity: it can be understood from two aspects. On the one hand, it refers
Resource time configuration, that is, in different historical stages
The evaluation of "Scarcity" is different from the measurement result. On the other hand,
A certain degree of resource scarcity can be achieved through the benefits of substitutes.
Used for easing. When a new alternative resource appears,
The scarcity of original resources can be reduced due to the reduction of its utility.
Low.
An ideal indicator of scarcity should be used to obtain resources of a unit.
The direct and indirect sacrifices made.
There are multiple approaches to setting scarcity indicators:
(1) price of natural resource goods;
(2) The rental or usage fee for the land with resources;
(3) The actual mining fee (excluding the usage fee of the mining area );
(4) Whether capital and labor can replace natural resource inputs
Easy scale.
The scarcity economic measurement standards mainly include the following aspects:
1. production cost and mining cost.
2. the actual price of the resource item.
3. Fees for newly discovered deposits.
Iv. resource constraints and economic development
Economic development refers to the upgrading and optimization of the economic structure.
Will expand and develop the scale of production or socio-economic activities.
Resources, especially natural resources, are an important foundation for economic development.
. The role of natural resources on economic development:
1. It is an important factor affecting labor productivity
2. It is the material source for the formation of product entities
3. It is an important factor restricting the industrial structure.
4. affecting and restricting the productivity layout
Resource constraints limit economic development
Body is manifested in the following aspects:
Resource constraints restrict the scale and growth speed of economic development.
The structural characteristics or imbalance of various resources forms resources.
.
Resource constraints limit the selection scope of the economic development model.
Resource constraints determine a certain economic development model.
The constraints on the total amount and structure of resources jointly determine the long-term
The scale, speed, and mode of economic development.
5. Constraints on renewable resources and short-term economic development
* The limitation and Unbalanced Structure of renewable resources lead to short
It restricts and regulates short-term economic development.
Scale and growth speed of economic development, as well as short-term economic development
Select the mode.
Vi. Constraints on non-renewable resources and long-term economic development
* The limitations and unbalanced structure of non-renewable resources cannot be formed.
Constraints of renewable resources on long-term economic development.
* It restricts the choice of long-term economic development models and does not support renewable resources.
The limited amount of resources also affects the scale of long-term economic development,
Speed has a negative impact.
* It will also have an indirect impact on short-term economic development.
Section 5
Solutions to future resource scarcity problems
I. Resource substitution principle
Level 1: a substance is useful only for production or living.
To become a resource. The urgency of transformation depends on the original
The scarcity of resources, the more scarce, find new alternative resources
The faster the process is, the slower the process is.
Level 2: resources have alternative functions because they have the same replacement
Generation of resources with the same or similar attributes or usefulness, and the price is very low, come
The source is wider and easier to use.
Level 3: A new resource is used to replace a scarce resource.
In the process of exploitation, it is often found that this new resource has multiple purposes,
It can replace more scarce resources.
Level 4: with the continuous development and utilization of new applications, new alternative resources
There will be scarcity in some ways, so that people can look for updates,
Alternative resources.
Ii. Intensive resource utilization
Intensive management refers to putting a certain amount of production resources and Activity
Labor, concentrated investment of less resources to increase unit capital
The Business Method of the source product volume.
The amount of capital and labor invested per unit of resources
It is called the intensity. The more investment and labor, the more intensive
The higher the degree, the lower the vice versa.
Reasonably Determine the intensity of resource utilization, yes
The following three aspects are discussed:
(
1)
"
Benefits (
Compensation)
Decrease rule"
Is an important theoretical basis
Definition: "compared with other constant incoming traffic, it is at a certain technical level.
To increase the total output. However, at a certain point
Later, because: Increase the same inbound volume and increase the outbound volume will probably become more
".
"The Law of declining returns is an economy that is often observed
And the important laws of technology. However, it is not common. Often add
It takes effect after a considerable number of variable factors are entered ".
From the three stages of the production function analysis, the first and third stages cannot be reasonable
Source utilization and production phase. In the second stage, variable resources and fixed resources
The proportion of cooperation is relatively moderate, and each increase in investment can bring about the total output,
The increase in total revenue is considered as a reasonable investment range of variable resources,
The optimum intensity should be in this range
(
2)
Resource-based productivity restricts intensive operation
The intensity is restricted by the resource productivity, while the productivity is caused
Resource capacity and production efficiency.
Capacity: resources can withstand various conditions under certain economic and technical conditions.
The ability to invest, the number of customers who can receive more customers is the result of high capacity, and vice versa.
Small capacity.
The productivity of resources depends on the production efficiency, and the two are positively correlated.
The higher the capacity of resources, the higher the production efficiency, the more variable resources invested
The more resources are used, the more efficient the resources are.
In production, we should pay attention to the objective limits of intensive margins and extensive margins.
Improve the quality of resources to increase the capacity of resources and improve resource production.
To achieve optimal benefits.
(
3)
The determination of the intensity depends on the social demand level at that time.
Inbound capability and technical level
The increase and decrease of demand stimulate producers to increase or reduce investment
Gets the maximum profit, objectively adjusts the intensity to keep it
Within a reasonable range.
At that time, the technical level and investment ability of society directly determine resources.
The intensity of utilization. When the investment is limited
Extensive operation. At a certain level of social and economic technology and
Resource utilization is intensive under relatively stable productivity conditions.
There is a suitable area.
As the technology level increases, the intensity changes and the benefits of Building
Large high-level areas that are most intensive.
Iii. Solutions to future resource scarcity
(
1)
Renewable Resources replace non-renewable resources
(
2)
Replacement of Natural Resources in part by social resources
(
3)
Saving utilization means increasing resource reserves
(
4)
Reuse resources and change to"
Waste"
For
Bao"
(
5)
New discoveries of resource reserves ease resource scarcity
Significant
(
6)
Leverage regional trade and international trade to make full use of comparison
Advantages