"Learning questions" reading notes

• • Learn to ask !--span class=" number ">0
    • Critical thinking !--span class= "Number" >1
    • Two ways of thinking !--span class= "number" >2
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    • What's my concern? !--span class= "number" >4
    • weak and strong critique !--span class=" number ">5
    • !--span class= "number" >6
  • Topics and conclusions
    • Topic: "What" and "should not"
    • Conclusion
  • What is the reason?
    • Argument (reasoning)
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    • !--span class = "Number" >13
    • note 14
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    • values hypothesis !--span class= "number" >17
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    • descriptive hypothesis !--span class= "number" >19
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  • Fallacy in the process of reasoning
    • A complete summary
  • How effective is the evidence?
  • Something's been omitted.
    • Not complete inevitable
  • A reasonable conclusion
  • Last Words
  • The book mentioned

Learn to ask critical thinking

1. A sense of interrelated, interlocking key issues
2. The ability to appropriately raise and answer key questions
3. Strong desire to proactively take advantage of key issues

Two ways of thinking

1. Sponge-Thinking (passive)
2. Gold Rush Thinking (Active)

Gold-Rush Thinking

• Have you ever asked yourself why you believe in others?
• Did you write down the problem?
• Do you have an objective assessment of other people's claims?
• The conclusion that a topic has been formed on the basis of others ' reasonable argument

What does it matter to me?

Just focus on and think about what's worth caring about.

Weak and strong critique

Rather, the reason is full, the evidence is capricious, and not in the absence of arguments, the conclusion of the irrational.

• Weak criticism: Using critical thinking to maintain your current view
• Strong critique: All claims are questioned equally, including their own claims.

Key issues

• What are the topics and conclusions?
• What's the reason?
• Which words don't mean clearly
• What's the value assumptions and descriptive assumptions
• There is no fallacy in the reasoning process
• How effective is the evidence?
• There is no substitute for reason
• Is there any deceptive data?
• What important information has been omitted.
• What reasonable conclusions can be drawn.

Topic and Conclusion Topic: "What" and "should not"

• Descriptive topic: Describe the past, present and future existence of all things (keywords: yes, what, how many, how)
• Prescriptive proposition: What the world should look like (keywords: should not, what should be)

Conclusion

A conclusion is a message that someone else wants you to accept. Conclusions must be supported by other viewpoints, and assertions that are not supported are called pure viewpoints.

How to find a conclusion?

1. Topic
2. Indicator words
3. A common location
4. Something that can't be a conclusion
   • Example
   • Data
   • Defined
   • Background information
   • Evidence
5. Examine context and the author's background
6. Ask, "So what?"

What is the reason?

Justification is a view, evidence, metaphor, analogy, and other statement used to support or justify a conclusion.

Argument (reasoning)

• Argument must have a purpose
• The quality of argumentation is high and low
• Conclusions and reasons are indispensable

Unknown semantics

Only by understanding the meaning of key terms and phrases can you evaluate an argument.

Find the right keywords

• Examine the topic
• Look for the reason and the conclusion
• Keep an eye on abstract words
• To judge the different meanings of words by crossdress

Attention

• Don't think you understand what others mean.
• Think there is only one meaning
• Understand meaning through context
• The meaning in the dictionary is not necessarily suitable for the situation in the article
• Be careful of those words that contain emotional overtones.
• Whoever is going to convince you, they'll have to explain.

Assumptions of values and descriptive assumptions

In all the arguments, there are certain ideas that the author takes for granted.

Hypothetical characteristics

1. Hidden or not expressly
2. The author takes it for granted
3. Have a great influence on judging its conclusion
4. There may be some deception.

Values hypothesis

The value hypothesis refers to the assumption that one of the opposing values is more important than the other, and that only the assumptions of values are added to the reasoning, their reasons logically confirm their conclusions. The complete reasoning involving the prescriptive thesis cannot be separated from the reason and the value hypothesis.

Find out the assumptions of values

• Background of the survey author
• Ask, "Why does the author's position produce a result that is so important to him?" ”
• Look for similar social debates and see the same kind of values hypothesis
• Using crossdress, take the opposite position with the author and see what values assumptions are important for this opposite stance
• Find some common values that conflict

Descriptive assumptions

A descriptive hypothesis is a view of what the world has been, now and will be.

Find descriptive assumptions

1. Find the gap between a conclusion and a reason
2. Looking for reasons to support the idea
3. Think of yourself as an author or a speaker
4. Using crossdress
5. Recognize that there may be other ways to gain an advantage in the cause
6. Avoid the use of incomplete grounds as assumptions
7. Learn more about the topic

Fallacy in the process of reasoning

The main purpose of critical reading and listening is to determine the acceptability or value of a conclusion.

A complete summary

"Popular Science Tool" Please make your own face against these 24 logical fallacies
Fallacies

How effective is the evidence?

Some factual assertions are more reliable than other factual assertions.

• Attention to personal experience may result in a partial coverage of the entire
• Beware of the impact of typical cases on emotions
• To find out the parties ' testimony
  • Selective
  • Personal interests
  • Omitting information
  • Human factors
• Experts make mistakes, and the more authoritative they are, the higher their credibility.
• Beware of condom logic
• There is no substitute for reason
  • There's more than one possible cause.
  • Is the only reason or one of the reasons
  • Correlation does not justify the existence of a causal relationship.
  • "After that" is not equal to "because of this"
• Is there any deceptive data?
  • The impact of statistical methods
  • Data behaves differently, resulting in different results
  • Beware of data loss

Something's been omitted.

Almost all of the information you encounter comes with some kind of purpose. This information is organized by the author selectively, and the person who organizes the information wants to influence your thinking to some extent. Therefore, your task is to decide whether you want to be the tool for this purpose.

Not complete inevitable

1. Space-Time Limitations
2. Personal attention duration is limited
3. Pure deception.
4. Everyone's knowledge is incomplete.
5. Different values and beliefs

A reasonable conclusion

Choose the most reasonable conclusion from a pile of alternative conclusions and avoid the dichotomy of thought.

Try to derive as many conclusions as possible from the reasons.
Use conditional clauses to qualify alternative conclusions.
New topic as "What should we do with B"

Last Words

Faith is wonderful, but the result of faith is in our subsequent actions.

The book mentioned

"The Power of unintelligible"
The criticism of false reasoning

"Learning questions" reading notes