Photo taken by the strongest scientist in history

 

 

The fifth solvi conference -- the strongest photo in the history of science

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Th Solvay Conference (1927)

A. piccard, E. henriot, P. ehrenfest, Ed. herzen, Th. de Donder, E. schröinger, E. verschaffelt, W. pauli, W. heisenberg, R. h. fowler, L. brillouin,
Start from left in the middle column p. debye, M. knudsen, w.l. br, H. a. kramers, P. a.m. dirac,. h. compton, L. de Broglie, M. born, N. bohr,
The front row starts from the left. langu, M. planck, Mme. curie, H. a. lorentz,. einstein, P. langevin, Ch. e. guye, C. t.r. wilson, O. w. chardson

Anyone who has learned Physics and Chemistry in middle school can spell out most of the above names. Schörörör, bönönberger, debai, Prague, Dirac, Compton, debroe, Bonn, Pol, Lang gorel, plank, Mrs Curie, lorunz, Einstein, and so on. This is the strongest photo ever in the history of physics. What kind of scientific light came out when these people gathered like gods.

---------------- The following is reproduced from here ----------------

The meeting lasted for six days from January 1, October 24-29, 1927. The topic is "electronics and photon" (we still remember that "photon-photon" is a new term, which was just proposed by us LIU Jun in 1926). The agenda of the meeting is as follows: first, Lawrence? Prague made an Experimental Report on X-ray, and then Compton reported the Compton experiment and its inconsistency with the classical electromagnetic theory. Next, debroitalian will give a speech on quantum new mechanics, mainly about the particle D. Afterwards, Bonn and heenburg introduced the matrix theory of quantum mechanics, while schör introduced the wave mechanics. Finally, on the basis of his speech at Komo, Boer made another report on quantum theory and new atomic theory, further summarized the complementary principle, and laid the whole philosophical foundation for quantum theory. This agenda itself is simply a microhistory of quantum theory, from which it can be clearly divided into three schools: The experimental schools that only care about the results of the experiment: Prague and Compton; the Copenhagen School: Boer, Bonn, and heenburg; there are also the dead enemies of the Copenhagen faction: debroge, schödörör, and Einstein sitting under the stage.

The atmosphere of the Meeting was intense from the very beginning. Just like the boxing championship, there was a series of advance competitions before the arrival of the important play: we discussed the experiment of the Compton first, and then divided them into distinct camps, mutual phase bombing. Debroyi made a speech first. He tried to merge the particles into the image of a wave and proposed a theory of "Guided Wave, it is considered that a particle is a singularity of the wave equation and must be controlled and guided by waves. He stood up and began to criticize this theory. He could not tolerate the turning back of history and returned to a traditional image. Then he cited a series of experimental results to refute debroe. As we all know, Pauli is the world's No. 1 sniper. If he is targeted at him, he will not be able to end well. In the end, debroi had to publicly declare that he would give up his point of view. Fortunately, schödörörörörörörörörörörörörörörörörörörörörörön made a great deal of support, but he insisted on a very traditional explanation ". Bonn and heenburg opened fire after hiding in the goburn bunker. They finally said in the report: "We hold that quantum mechanics is a complete theory, its basic physical hypothesis and mathematical hypothesis cannot be further modified." They also concentrated on fierce attacks against schööröd's "e-cloud", which believed that electronics did actually spread in the space as a wave. "I don't see anything from schöröd's computation to prove the truth, as he expected," heenburg commented ." He admitted that his computation was not quite satisfactory, but he insisted that the electronic track was "nonsense" (it should be the superposition of the wave's Intrinsic State), and Bonn replied: "No, it's not nonsense at all." In the dark, Lorenz, the organizer and veteran of the Conference, also expressed some conservative ideas, and so on ......

Einstein kept a terrible silence at first, but when Bonn mentioned his name, he finally couldn't help it. He proposed a model: an electron uses a small hole to obtain a diffraction image. Einstein pointed out that there are two kinds of points of view. The first is that there is no "one electron", and there is only one electron cloud. It is a reality in a space, it is described by D. The second is that there is indeed an electron, and the "probability distribution" means that the electron itself does not spread into the air, but its probability wave. Einstein admitted that opinion II is more complete than opinion I because it includes opinion I. Even so, eminstan still said that he had to oppose viewpoint II. This randomness indicates that the same process will produce many different results. In this way, many regions on the sensor screen will at the same time reverse the observation of electrons, this seems to imply a super-margin function, which violates the theory of relativity.

The sky is changing. Now, the two camps are all behind the scenes and start to make a single decision. Unfortunately, the original discussion records of boder and others were not stored in official materials, and the reconstruction of the scene at that time mainly relied on the memories of several clients. Here is the long article "discussing with Einstein on the cognitive issues in atomic physics", written by borer himself on 1949 to celebrate Einstein's 70-year-old birthday, there are memories and emails of heenburg, debroyi, and erlunfester. At that time, there was a fierce battle in which we described the electronic dilemma before the double stitch: how to select its path and quickly close/open a slit on the electronic impact. There are also many other thinking experiments. Herenfester is writing to his younger siblings who stay in Leyden.The letter from the children, such as ulumbert and gooschmidt, described that Einstein was like a spring doll and popped out of the box with a new idea every morning, boder finds tools from the misty philosophy and breaks all the arguments of the other party one by one.

The memory of heenburg in 1967 said:

"The discussion soon turned into a duel between Einstein and boder: to what extent can the atomic theory at that time be seen as the final answer to those difficulties that have been discussed for decades? We usually met at the hotel for breakfast, so Einstein described a thought experiment, from which he thought we could clearly see the internal contradictions in Copenhagen's interpretation. Then Einstein, Boer and I went to the conference room together, and I could listen to the discussions of these two people with different philosophical attitudes. I often put a few words in the mathematical expression structure. In the middle of the meeting, especially when there is a break between meetings, we young people-mostly me and bubble-tried to analyze Einstein's experiment, during lunch, the discussion was held between borl and other people from Copenhagen. In general, Bord knows all about these Ideal Experiments in the evening, and he will analyze them for eminstan at dinner. Einstein could not refute these analyses, but he was not convinced ."

Of course, Einstein is not convinced. He is so devout in his faith in the law that he cannot trust the cynical interpretations of Copenhagen. Boer recalled that Einstein once ridiculed him and asked him if he really believed that the power of God would depend on the dice (OB der Liebe Gott würfelt )?

God does not roll the dice! This is not the first time that Einstein has said this. In his letter to Bonn in 1926, he said: "quantum mechanics is impressive, but an internal voice tells me that it is not real. This theory has produced many good results, but it has not brought us closer to the mysteries of the 'olde. I believe without reservation that the old man will not roll the dice ."

The old man is Einstein's nickname for God.

However, in 1927, Einstein lost his skill. It is not a sword, but a lack of internal force. In the face of the mighty historical trend, he struggled against the current, and the result was washed away and stood unsteadily. In 1927, quantum LeatherThe outbreak of life has entered the third year, and has reached the ending stage. The seeds planted in those years are now bloomingThe trend of life has swept across the entire physical world and has clearly pointed out the future direction. More and more people have finally realized the core meaning of Copenhagen's interpretation, and are devoted to the quantum field. Einstein was not only unable to convince Boer, but he was often refuted and unable to speak out, and his "reactionary" attitude attracted many people to sigh. Remotely thinking that year, 1905, Einstein was born and shot six times in a year, each of which beat the ground, stunned, and created a vigorous career alone. At that time, I was a young man, a young man, and a young man! However, the most rebellious and revolutionaryLife, the most indecent method, the most contemptuous of the authoritative Einstein, now standing on the opposite of the new quantum theory!

Bonn lamented: "We have lost our leaders ."

"Einstein, I'm blushing for you! You put yourself in the same position as those who wish to overturn the theory of relativity in vain ."

Einstein lost a lot in this battle. Boer looked silent and blunt, but he had no front, no work, and almost never lost any serious debate in his life. The Copenhagen faction and its interpretation of quantum theory were a big winner. In a letter to his home, heenburg said: "I am very satisfied with the results, and boder and my views are widely accepted, at least no one has come up with a strict counterargument, even Einstein and schörörör." After many years, he summed up: "At the beginning (those who hold this idea), they mainly came from Bol, bubble and me, and probably only the three of us, but it soon spread out ."

However, Einstein is not the kind of person that is easy to defeat. There were two people standing behind him. One was debroy, and the other was schörör. In the dawn of the quantum age, Wu lingfeng and Yi Shui Xiaoxiao vowed to live together with the classical theory.

17 of the 29 people who participated in the meeting won the Nobel Prize.

External link:

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Solvay Conference

 

 

 

 

 

1. Peter debai, an American Physical chemist. He was born in Holland on 1884. In, he received a degree from an electronic engineer and received a Nobel Chemistry Prize in for his contributions to the molecular structure by means of polar moment research and X-ray diffraction research. Died on 1966.

 
2. william. henry. brags (W. h. brags, 1862-1942) is one of the founders of modern solid state physics. He studied mathematics at Trinity College Cambridge in his early years. He served as a professor at the University of Leeds and University of London and became the chairman of the Royal Society in 1940. He shared the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics with his son, W. L. Brags, as a ground-breaking contribution to the use of X-ray diffraction in the study of crystal atoms and molecular structures. The two generations of father and son won the same Nobel Prize, which is rare in history. At the same time, as an outstanding social activist, he was an outstanding man in British public affairs in his 20 or 30 s.

3. Einstein was the greatest scientist in the 20th century and was recognized as one of the most creative figures in human history. His name is inseparable from his theory of relativity. In fact, his theory of relativity includes two theories: he proposed a special theory of relativity in 1905, and he proposed a general theory of relativity in 1915. The latter, we 'd better call it Einstein's theory of gravity.

4. erlenfester (P. ehrenfest, 1880-1933) -- Dutch physicist

In 5.1930, the British physicist Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, 1902 ~ 1984) when using mathematical methods to describe the laws of electronic motion, it is found that the electronic charge can be a negative charge or a positive charge. Dirac's conjecture is that there may be an "abnormal" positively charged electron in nature.

6. The Austrian theoretical physicist Erwin Schrodinger (1887-1961) developed quantum mechanics in the late 1920s s along with Einstein, boder, boun, and hossenber. He was awarded the Nobel Physics Award in 1933 for the establishment of a wave equation describing the motion of electrons and other sub-atomic particles.

From 7.1922 to 1923, the l892-1962 A. H. Compton studied the spectra of X-ray Scattering by metal or graphite.

8. Austrian American scientist Wolfgang E. Pauli, 1900 ~ 1958) the father was a professor of Physical Chemistry at the University of Vienna, and The Godfather was an Austrian physicist and philosopher.

9. heshoup, W. K. (Werner Karl Heisenberg 1907 ~ 1976) German theoretical physicist, creator of the first effective form of Quantum Mechanics (matrix mechanics.

10. boun, M. (Max Born 1882 ~ 1970) German theoretical physicist, one of the founders of quantum mechanics.

 
11. nils. bohr (Niels) was born in Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark in October 7, 1885. His father is a professor of physiology at the University of Copenhagen. we have received excellent family education since childhood. he entered Copenhagen University in 1903 to study physics, obtained a master's degree in science in 1909, and obtained a doctorate in 1911. when I was in the second year of college, I studied the surface tension of water, made experimental equipment, Obtained accurate data through the experiment, and improved the theory of the physicist in theory, the research papers won the gold medal from the Danish Emy of sciences.

12. Plank, M. (Max Planck 1858 ~ 1947) The founding of quantum theory, a great modern German physicist.

13. Mrs Curie (1867-1934) is the most famous female physicist. She was twice awarded the Nobel Prize, the physics prize in 1903, and the Chemistry Prize in 1911. She received a physics degree in 1893, a mathematics degree in 1894, and a doctorate in 1903. The Lady of the Bureau studied a lot of things and found that the characteristics of the thost and its compounds are the same as those of uranium. During her studies on bituminous uranium, she discovered lei and servant. In 1910, she successfully separated pure lei. Mrs Curie made great contributions to the establishment of the laboratory in the Paris Bureau.

14. lorunz (Henderson Rik antoon Lorentz 1853 ~ 1928) and Seman (pietr Zeeman 1865 ~ 1943) the Nobel Physics Prize in 1902 was shared for studying the effect of magnetic fields on radiation and discovering the seiman effect.

15. Lang zhiwan: Born in Paris in January 23, 1872, a famous French physicist