"Murphy's Law", "Parkinson's Theorem", and "Peter's Principle"

Transferred from: space of Lord Wei "Murphy's Law", "Parkinson's Theorem", and "Peter's Principles" are also known as the three most outstanding discoveries in Western culture in the 20th century. 1. The original sentence of Murphy's Law is as follows: if there are two or more ways to do something, and one of those ways can result in a catastrophe, then someone will do it. (if there are two options, one of which will lead to a disaster, someone will make this choice .) The simplest expression is "anything that can go wrong will go wrong )." [Edward Murphy (Edward A. Murphy )] According to Murphy's Law ": 1. Nothing seems as simple as it looks; 2. All things will take longer than you expected; 3. Errors will always occur; 4. If you are worried about a situation, it is more likely to happen. Ii. Peter's principle (The Peter Principle) is summarized based on the analysis of thousands of failed instances in the organization . The specific content is: "in a hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to a position that he cannot do ". Peter pointed out that each employee will be promoted to a higher-level position because of their excellent (competent) performance in their original positions. Afterwards, if they continue to be competent, they will be further promoted, until he reaches the position he is not competent. Peter deduced that "each position will eventually be occupied by an employee who is not competent for his job. Most of the tasks of a hierarchical organization are completed by employees who are not yet competent ." Each employee will eventually reach Peter heights, where his number of elevated businesses (PQ) is zero. There are two ways to accelerate to this heights. The first is the above "pull", that is, pulling from the top by the relationship between skirts and acquaintances; the second is self "push", that is, self training and progress, the former is widely used. Due to Peter's launch of his principles, he "accidentally" created a new science-hierarchiolgy ). Iii. Cyril, a British historian and political scientist in 1958 Northcote Parkinson published Parkinson's Law through long-term research. In his book, he elaborated on the causes and consequences of institutional staff expansion: an incompetent official may have three ways out. The first is to apply for a resignation and give the role to competent persons; the second is to allow a competent person to assist himself in his work; and the third is to appoint two persons with lower levels as assistants than himself. This first road will never go, because it will lose a lot of power; the second road will not go, because the competent person will become his opponent; it seems that only the third path is the most suitable. As a result, two mediocre assistants shared his work, and he gave orders on his own. The two assistants are both incompetent and ineffective, so they can find two incompetent assistants for themselves. And so on, we have formed a leader system with a bloated organization, a float, a wrapper, and a low efficiency. The conclusion is: in administrative management, the number of administrative agencies will increase as the pyramid increases, and the number of administrative staff will continue to expand. Everyone is very busy, but the organizational efficiency is getting lower and lower. This law is also called the "Pyramid rise" phenomenon. Parkinson's Law is a concept in time management. Parkinson's Law shows that as long as there is time, work will continue to expand until all the time is used up. Cyril, a British historian and political scientist in 1958 Northcote Parkinson published Parkinson's Law through long-term research.   This law appears not only in the officialdom, but also in many organizations. Law 1: How redundant workers increase: the increase in the number of officials is irrelevant to the workload, but is caused by two sources. Every official wants to add subordinates rather than opponents (such as "voting"); officials create jobs for each other (such as administrative approval, industry and commerce, taxation, auditing, and public security, driven by vested interests) Law 2: The Middle School decides the principle: in order to win support from the middle school, the two sides are eager to fight for it, especially when both sides are evenly matched. Therefore, it is not a competitor but a medialist who plays the leading role. People who are not very clear about the content of the decision, weak-willed people, people with little ears Law 3: Most officials are composed of people who do not know millions or tens of millions but only know thousands of yuan, so that the time spent on discussing various financial proposals is inversely proportional to the amount involved, that is, the larger the amount involved, the shorter the discussion time, and the longer the reverse. It takes a lot of time. Law 4: The luxury degree of office is inversely proportional to the institution's career and efficiency: the institution in the growth stage generally does not have enough interest and time to design a perfect headquarters. Therefore, "perfect design is a sign of fading", "perfect is the ending, and the ending is death ". Law 5: cocktail party formula: meetings and cocktail parties (meals. The venue from left to right is divided into six sections of A-F, from the door to the far end is divided into 1-8 eight sections, can be divided into 48 areas; assume that the beginning of the reception time is H, when the last guest leaves for two hours and 20 minutes after the first guest enters the site, important figures are all collected in the E/7 area from H + 75 to H + 90, and the most important characters are naturally included. Law 6: jealousy (divided into three periods): In the organs where jealousy is prevalent, senior supervisors are hard and slow, and middle-level cadres are confused and bottom-level personnel are dejected and not engaged. In the first stage, people who are both incompetent and jealous are suffering from "Jealousy (mediocre and jealous )"; In the second stage, these jealous patients unfortunately entered or were originally at the top of the management level. They did everything possible to reject those who were better than themselves, and refused to improve. "stupid competition" In the third stage, the agency seems to have been sprayed with DDT. No wise person can be admitted to the Government, and the government is ill. At this time, no medicine can be saved. Law 7: retirement disorder (50 years old): the average age of retirement is R, the energy of people in the first three years (R-3) will begin to drop; the question is how to choose the right alternative, the better the job performance, the longer the job, the harder it is to find a suitable alternative, and the incumbent will always try to prevent lower-level people from approaching their positions, and thus have to extend their retirement time.