Real methods and misunderstandings of foreign language learning 11

Kes' Theory
Krashen believes: in short, the mastery of the language, whether it is the first language or the second language, is in
A "understandable" real statement occurs (that is, the effective voice we discussed earlier, that is, it can understand the meaning.
Is implemented in the external language); it is accepted in the relaxed and not disgusted conditions; it does not need to "consciously
"Learning, training, and using grammar knowledge; it can't be quickly achieved overnight, and it will be slow at the beginning.
It is much later than listening. Therefore, the best way is to design based on the features of the above language implementation.
. His theory is composed of the following five pillars, which he calls five "hypotheses ". Five hypotheses are not advanced
But the components are different:
Kamake is looking for a good article. In the next few minutes, he will pick out some of the sentence.
In addition to kamake, many students may not understand the theory of the second language.
Understanding and thinking. If you skip and wait for a while, we will summarize your teaching experience and some linguistics.
I am afraid that some of the "technologies" mentioned in Xi will put the cart before the horse. Continue here ....

1. Learned-learning difference hypothesis (the acquisition-Learning Hypothesis)
Adults gradually master the second language through two completely different ways. The first approach is "Language
This process is similar to the process of developing children's native abilities.
The process of learning a second language. The second approach is "language learning ".
Language phenomena and grammar rules, supplemented by conscious exercises, memories, and other activities to achieve
Understanding and understanding of its syntax concepts ". The result is the subconscious language ability.
The result is a conscious understanding of the language structure.
The assumption is that adults do not lose the ability of children to learn languages. Krashen even believes that if
It is ideal for adults to have better language skills than children. He also believes that
It helps you correct your mistakes, but it does not help you to understand your language. This is worthwhile for Chinese students.
Note.
2. Natural order hypothesis (the natural order hypothesis)
This assumption assumes that, for children or adults, the syntactic structure is actually predictable.

Sequential. That is to say, some Syntax structures are first known, while others are later known. Carat
Shen pointed out that natural order hypothesis does not require people to develop syllabus in this order. In fact, for example
If we want to learn a language, there is a reason not to follow any syntax order.
To teach.
It is difficult to avoid syntax errors at the beginning, and you do not need to worry too much.
3. The Monitor hypothesis)
In general, subconscious language is the reason for making us speak fluently, while rational language learning only
Monitoring or editing. In other words, when we speak, words are produced by the "learned" system.
Born, after being "learned", the system became "real words" and confided. This monitoring function of language learning is available
Before we speak or write, or after it.
In verbal conversations, people often do not have time to consider the syntax. If not
It is carried out and cannot be used. However, in the formal speech and writing prepared in advance, the use of syntax can be improved.
High language accuracy adds color to speeches or articles.
This one can be said to be the greatest concession of Krashen on the usefulness of grammar knowledge.
4. Input Hypothesis (the Input Hypothesis)
The input hypothesis is also the core part of Krashen's second language theory. Only when the learner comes to the "yes"
Understanding language input (comprehensible input) is slightly higher than his existing language skills
Second Language Input, and he can focus on understanding the meaning rather than the form
Only when the problem is solved can we get it. If your current level is "I", you must provide the "I + 1" Level
. This type of "I + 1" input does not need to be intentionally provided, as long as the person who knows it can have enough
Is automatically provided. Kram believes that the encoding information for understanding the input language is a language
Incomprehensible input is only a noise. Press
According to the input hypothesis, the fluency of the speech is achieved naturally and cannot be directly taught.
The key to understanding input assumptions is comprehensible input "I + 1 ". + 1 is in
The current level adds a "little bit" of difficulty. In other words, it is precisely because of this difficulty.
Degree. In fact, the most important source of the answer is this article. Before
Many of the analysis of a series of misunderstandings can be based on this assumption. The most important thing we will know in the future
The technology is to constantly create this condition. We will describe it in detail later.

In addition, there is a very important concept of silent period, which is introduced in this assumption.
. Krashen believes that no matter whether adults or children have the ability to speak, there will be a long
In silent period, it is not possible to speak until the amount of understanding reaches a certain level and has enough confidence. This sink
The period of silence is normal and necessary. So don't rush to come up and talk about the ability to speak.
Slow, and it comes naturally.
5. The Affective Filter hypothesis)
The assumption that a large number of suitable input environments does not mean that students can learn well.
The target language, emotional factors play a promoting or blocking role, and psychological factors affect the language he learns.
Speed and quality. These factors are: 1) motivation. Whether the student's learning objectives are clear directly affects him
Learning results. 2) character. More confident, extroverted, willing to put yourself in unfamiliar Learning
Environment, I feel good that students have made rapid progress in learning. 3) emotional status. In the second language or
In foreign language learning, less anxious people are easy to get more language input. Similarly, relax and feel
Students who are comfortable are obviously better at learning in a short period of time.
This assumption is somewhat biased towards language teaching experience, and its importance is often ignored. (Later, people
It is found that when a person tries to speak a foreign language and cannot speak it again, the current produced in the Brain Due to anxiety can be electricity
The death of a mouse shows a high degree of anxiety when learning a foreign language .)
Understandable output comprehensible output
Later, the linguistics discovered that if there is only one input condition and a lack of an output system, the students will understand
Poor performance. There is a saying in Cantonese: "I can't hear or speak ." This is what we are talking about. So Wayne
(Swain) in 1985, he proposed "understandable output theory", that is, he tried to do something higher during output.
Their current level of practice. Because the output process can encourage students to actively find appropriate forms.
Express what they want to express. When they encounter difficulties in expressing what they want
In this process, they can try to summarize some new rules by themselves.
The feedback from the other party summarizes the experience and eventually forms a relatively stable system.
This theory is a supplement to the theory system of kits. I think that the "two-byte Theory" framework has reached this point.
The results are complete.
These discussions have been at the "strategic" level of language learning methods. It is easiest for everyone to ignore the "war
And rush into the tactical layer. Tactical deviations and errors can be compensated and corrected
Errors can cause all losses. The following sentence must be recited by students at the US West Point: "Every
Battle is won or lost before it is ever fought. "Let's take a closer look.
So proud. This is the famous saying of the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu.
With the theoretical structure of "Two-Byte", you can develop tactics. Smart students are already independent
Now, let me help you build a shelf and share some previous experiences and observations.
Discussion. For learners, they can follow specific tactical practices. For instructors,
Design the course and teaching mode based on the correct concept. Let's first talk about the tactical development of learners.