Several Concepts of openerp Financial Management

From: http://shine-it.net/index.php/topic,2431.0.html

1. Account move)
The accounting credential, also known as an accounting entry, is called "account move" in openerp ". The literal translation of account move is "account move". I have previously explained the core concept of compound inventory management, "stock move". Account move is similar to stock move.
What is accounting? Here, I don't want to give accounting a strict academic definition. Simply put, accounting records economic activities from the perspective of Capital Changes and uses this record as the basis, conducts statistical analysis and Accounting Supervision on economic activities. Any economic activity is accompanied by changes in property, such as procurement, the movement of materials from suppliers to the company, and the movement of funds from the company to suppliers. OE manages this kind of "property movement", which is called "account move", and "China accounting", which means that the property is moved from this account to that account.
The following uses the procurement process as an example to describe the concept of "account movement. There are multiple procurement situations. First, the simplest case is that one hand pays one hand for delivery. In this case, the "inventory cash" account is reduced, and the "inventory goods" account is increased, which is equivalent to moving from the inventory cash account to the inventory goods account. The accounting record is as follows (assume that you have purchased 1000 RMB ):
Borrow: inventory goods 1000
Loan: 1000 cash in stock
This record form is the "Accounting Entry", that is, the OE account move. It can always be understood as moving from the credit account to the debit account.
However, procurement in reality is usually more complicated. For example, goods can only arrive one month after the order is placed, and goods can only be paid one month after the Warehouse is placed. In this way, the three economic activities of ordering, warehouse receiving, and payment must be separately recorded and cannot be merged into one of the preceding entries.
Place an order (from 1000 RMB in debt to materials on the way ):
Borrow: 1000 materials on the way
Loan: Account Payable 1000
Warehouse receiving (moving 1000 yuan from materials in transit to goods in stock ):
Borrow: inventory goods 1000
Loan: RMB 1000 million in materials on the way
Payment (from inventory cash to 1000 RMB to payable ):
Borrow: Accounts Payable 1000
Loan: 1000 cash in stock
After the above account is moved, it is eventually equivalent to moving 1000 yuan from inventory cash to inventory goods.
Through the above example, we can draw several conclusions:
1) account Movement (accounting entries) is generated from economic activities, such as procurement, sales, production collection, and storage of finished products.
2) properly set system parameters, and the system can automatically generate corresponding accounting entries.
3) in order for the system to automatically generate accounting entries, you need to set up an account (accounting subject) in advance and tell the system which economic activity corresponds to the fund change of the account.
4) based on the account's mobile records for a period of time (accounting is called an accounting period and in China is a month), it is easy to count the increase or decrease of each account, to determine the profit and loss of economic activities during the period. The increase or decrease of each account is the "balance sheet". The profit and loss during this period is the "profit and loss statement ".
Ii. credential (invoice)
Invoice is the original credential. Accounting and accounting (entering accounting entries, or moving accounts) must be based and cannot be recorded out of thin air. For example, for the preceding accounting entries for procurement orders, the accounting personnel must see the procurement subpoena of the purchasing department before accounting, and the payment entries must see the supplier invoice obtained by the cashier before accounting. The purchase subpoena and supplier invoice are the original creden。, and the original creden。 in OE are called invoice ).
In Oe, the credential (invoice) serves as a bridge between the business department and the finance department. For example, when the purchasing department fills in the purchase order, the system automatically generates the supplier creden。 when the purchase order is placed (click the confirm button of the purchase order. The credential is automatically sent to the Finance Department. After the finance department staff confirms that the credential is correct, confirm the credential (click "OK" for the credential ), the system automatically generates the accounting entries (accout move) for the purchase based on the creden ).
There are four types of OE creden: supplier invoice, customer invoice, and supplier refund), sales return creden (customer credit note or customer refund ). Purchase creden。 are generated when the purchase order is confirmed, and the customer creden。 are generated when the sales order is confirmed. These four creden are implemented internally by the account_invoice object, but the display interface is different. The account_invoice object contains all the information required for financial processing (accounting, invoicing, payment, or collection) of the corresponding economic activities. This includes the product, quantity, amount, business partner (suppliers and customers), Transaction date, accounting account, tax account, and ledger (journal.
OE generates accounting entries based on information on creden. The account move automatically generated by OE contains more information than the accounting credenmove required in accounting, not only the borrower, credit account, amount, and occurrence time, it also includes the products, quantity, and business partners to be traded. Therefore, OE-based account move allows you to collect statistics on various financial reports.
3. Journal)
There are many types and quantities of accounting entries. If all accounting entries are displayed in a window, it is not very convenient for accounting work. The journal is used to display the account move ). For example, if you select sales journal and double-click it to open it, all accounting entries related to the sales business are displayed.
In addition to displaying accounting entries by category, the ledger also has the following functions:
1) default debit and credit account: You can set the default debit and credit account of journal. In this way, when you enter the accounting creden, in Journal, for example, if you only enter the debit account, the system automatically generates credit accounting using the default credit account of journal. If you enter a credit account, the system automatically generates the debit account.
2) Specify the credential generation method: OE supports the credential generation method for multiple accounting entries. Each Journal can specify different credential generation methods, the accounting entries in this journal are generated using the specified method.
3) Other parameter settings for controlling accounting entries.
In Oe, you must configure the sales journal, purchase journal, and cash journal ), stock journal is usually configured ). As the name suggests, when the system classifies the sales related entries automatically generated from the sales order into the sales journal, when the system classifies the purchase related entries automatically generated from the purchase order into the purchase journal, when the system classifies the payment-related entries automatically generated from the bank statement into cash journal, and the inventory-related entries automatically generated by the system from the warehouse receiving order into stock journal.
4. Payment and write-off (reconcile)
Openerp has two payment modes: one is single payment and the other is batch payment. For a single payment, directly press the "Payment" button on the credential (invoice). The system will pop up the payment screen and enter the payment information. The system automatically writes off (reconcile) the receivables/payables on the credential and generates the corresponding payment entries. This mode is suitable for small companies without full-time cashiers.
For bulk payment, openerp provides a payment screen, entering each receipt/delivery information line by line, including "business partner" and "amount. After entering the payment form, confirm the payment form. The system can automatically or manually search for the corresponding creden (invoice) for each payment, write off the relevant "receivables/payables", and generate payment accounting entries. Payment-related accounting entries are generally borrow: Accounts Payable, loan: bank deposits. This mode is suitable for companies with full-time cashiers who handle payments in batches.
The OE payment management function allows the system to generate an electronic bank payment file after entering the payment lines. You can also split a large payment into multiple bank accounts for payment.
Openerp provides the automatic or manual write-off (reconcile) function. For example, during payment, the system will automatically match the "accounts payable" of the business partner, use the payment amount to write off the corresponding "accounts payable", and mark the corresponding credential (invoice) of the Account Payable) is paid (the property "paid/reconciled" on invoice is automatically checked "). As long as the subject can be written off (the subject setting screen shows the property "recocile"), the system will attempt to automatically write off the subject. Common accounts that can be written off are "accounts payable" and "accounts receivable ".
5. Important financial parameters
The finance module of OE is complicated and many parameters need to be configured. The following describes some important parameters:
1) accounting period (periods): This configuration is relatively simple. In China, there are 12 phases each month in a calendar year.
2) Journal: As mentioned earlier, the system should at least configure sales ledger, purchase ledger, and cash ledger.
3) accounting accounts: according to the regulations of the Finance Department, there are about seven or eighty first-level accounts, plus the company's level-2 and level-3 accounts, which are set to the system.
4) Tax (taxes): When you have set taxes, Oe will use the set tax calculation method, tax accounting entries such as "value-added tax" are automatically added to the accounting entries generated for procurement, sales, and other businesses.
5) taxable setting (fiscal position): Generally, the tax payable for the sale and purchase of the product is set in the product information. Then, in the sales order and purchase order, the system will automatically use the tax on the product. However, sometimes, the tax calculation method varies for different types of customers of the same product. For example, the consumption tax is calculated for the internal sales of a product, but the consumption tax is not counted for the export. Therefore, for export customers, tax calculation should be different from the tax calculation method set on products. Fiscal position is used to handle this situation.
6) payment term: When you have set the payment conditions, Oe will promptly remind finance personnel to pay attention to the collection/payment according to the payment conditions selected on the sales order. In the payment conditions, you can set the time, receipt/payment, or receipt/payment percentage.
In addition, several attributes related to financial accounts should be set for business partners and products, which tell the system how to automatically generate relevant accounting accounts.
Business Partner attributes:
Account retriable: The account corresponding to the account receivable in the accounting credential of the customer's sales business, usually "1014 receivables ". In the sales business, the system automatically generates accounting entries Based on the settings here.
Account Payable: The account corresponding to the payable in the Purchase Business Accounting credential that occurs with the business partner, usually "2011 payable ".
Fiscal position: taxable setting. After the customer's taxable settings are specified, the system will change the tax set in the product to another tax based on the replacement rules specified in the taxable settings. Set the taxable value in the finance module.
Payment term: payment condition. If you pay the full amount within 30 days, or you pay 30% within 10 days, and then pay 30% within 20 days, the remaining amount will be paid within February. After the payment method is set, if the customer fails to pay on time, the system will automatically trigger an alarm. The payment conditions are set in the finance module.
Total outstanding able: the total amount of accounts receivable of the business partner. This is automatically displayed by the system and cannot be modified.
Total payable: the total amount of accounts payable of the business partner. This is automatically displayed by the system and cannot be modified.
Product-related property settings:
Income Account: The product income subject, the credit of the accounting entries of the product sales business, usually "6001 main business income ". The debit is the account receivable.
Expense Account: The debit of the product cost account and the accounting entries of the product procurement business. For commercial circulation enterprises, it is usually "1042 in-transit materials ". The credit is the account payable.
Stock Output account: the product warehouse receiving account, the debit of the accounting entries when the product warehouse is released, and the credit is the account specified when the inventory space is set in stock management. For commercial circulation enterprises, it is usually "6015 main business cost", and the credit is usually "1036 inventory goods ".
Stock input account: the product warehouse receiving account, which is the lender of the accounting entries when the product warehouse receiving is made. The borrower is the account specified when the stock space is set in stock management. For commercial circulation enterprises, it is usually "1042 items in transit", and the borrower is usually "1036 items in stock ".
Sale taxes: the type of tax during product sales. By default, the sales order tax is calculated here. Set taxes in the finance module.
Purchase taxes: the category of the product purchased. By default, the tax type here is used to calculate the tax amount for a purchase order. Set taxes in the finance module.
6. analytic account)
Analytic accounts are also called management accounts and cost accounts ). To understand accounting analysis, we must first understand why accounting analysis is required. For example, in financial accounting, primary cost-related level-1 subjects include: sales cost and production cost. If you want to calculate the sales cost by department or the production cost by product type. In financial accounting, the implementation of this requirement is quite troublesome, which means that many level-2 and level-3 accounting subjects with the department name and product name should be added in each cost-related subject, the increase in the number of subjects means a sharp increase in the amount of computing. Such problems need to be solved by means of analytical accounting.
The principle of analyzing the accounting solution is to add an analytical accounting account for each accounting record of income or expenditure, indicating that the income or cost is allocated to the Account. The analysis accounting subject can be the department name (for example, the case of manufacturing cost accounting by Department), product name (for example, the case of cost or income distribution by product), customer name, project name, and so on. For example, the system can record the analysis subject named by product name on each purchase order so that the system can automatically record the product to which the purchase cost belongs. The analysis subject (product name) is also recorded on each manufacturing order, and the system automatically allocates the cost of this manufacturing order to this product.
The specific method to achieve cost accounting through openerp analysis accounting is, for example, the aforementioned sales order. If the list contains an analysis subject named after the product name, the corresponding credential of the purchase order (invoice) at the time of confirmation, the system automatically generates both financial accounting entries and analytical accounting entries, as shown in the following example:
Financial Accounting Entry amount | analysis of accounting amount
Borrow: raw material 1000 | product A-1000
Loan: Account Payable 1000 | --
In the system database, the system adds two records to the account_move_line data table, which are the debit and credit of the financial accounting entries. At the same time, add a record in the analytic_account_move_line data table, which is the "product A-1000" of analytics accounting. This indicates that product A is allocated RMB 1000, and the record and "borrow: raw Material 1000 "is correlated. Credit: Account Payable 1000 does not have corresponding analysis accounting records. Note: Only the amount is recorded for the analysis of accounting entries, regardless of the debit or credit. If it is revenue, the amount is recorded as "+", and the cost is recorded "-".
If each purchase order records the corresponding product, if you want to calculate the raw material cost of product A, as long as the analytic_account_move_line data table is counted, the analysis subject is "product ", the sum of all records associated with the financial account as "raw materials" and the amount is negative, that is, the raw material cost that product A should allocate for a period of time. If an analysis subject in the name of the product is also recorded in the manufacturing order, the statistical analysis subject is "product A" and the associated financial account is "Manufacturing Expense ", the sum of all records whose amount is negative, that is, the manufacturing cost that product A should allocate for a period of time.
Let's look at the analysis of labor costs. For service-oriented enterprises, such as software development companies, consulting enterprises, and law firms, they usually charge fees based on case or project. To determine whether the case is profitable, you need to know the cost of each case. For service enterprises, the case costs are mainly labor costs. There are two factors to measure labor costs: employee level and working time. The employee level can be measured by the employee's salary. For example, if the monthly salary of senior employees is 40 thousand, and the monthly working time is 150 hours, the hourly cost is 266 yuan.
Each employee is required to enter the "time sheet" on a daily basis. The schedule records the work schedule of the employee for one day, for example, "Case A has three hours of work; case B is working for 2 hours ". Here, Case A and case B are the analytical accounting subjects with the case name set. When an employee fills in the time sheet, select the case subject from the system. In this way, when time sheet is confirmed, the system automatically calculates the cost of employees in each case (hourly cost * hours) and generates analysis accounting entries, related to the corresponding financial accounting entries (management fees or operating costs ).
Note: The time sheet function is provided by the HR Module. In openerp, the hourly salary of employees is calculated by associating each employee with a "product", and the services (such as consulting) of employees of different levels are equivalent to selling products of different prices. To effectively use the time sheet, you must set up products for employees of all levels in advance, as well as analysis accounting subjects named by case name. The Analysis of accounting subjects can be classified. For example, a level-1 subject is the department name, and a level-2 subject is set under the department name.