Ship Model production Basics

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(1) how to view the model work drawings
Before we made a variety of marine models, we first came into contact with a model work drawing, which not only tells us the type, name, shape and size of the model, at the same time, we can also understand the various components of the model. Some model drawings also briefly introduce the internal structure, Power Unit, component assembly, control system and production method of the model. Therefore, it is very important to carefully look at the drawings and clarify various technical requirements for preparing materials and tools and considering the production methods. The following describes the knowledge about ship models.
To understand the model work drawings, first familiarize yourself with the meaning of various lines in the diagram. In the figure, there are common coarse solid lines, fine solid lines, dotted lines, dot dashes, and broken lines. A rough line generally indicates all visible contour lines of an object. A dotted line often indicates a blocked contour line. A solid line is used to represent the dimension line, dimension line, lead line, and section line. A dot line is used to represent the center line, position line, and axis of an object. The disconnected area is indicated by broken lines. The section line, center line, location line, and axis line of the object must be tilted. The disconnected area is indicated by broken lines. The area where the object is to be divided should be a skewed cross-section line. In addition, M, Phi, and R are often seen in the drawing. M represents the scale. For example, M1: 1 indicates that the object size in the graph is as large as that in the real object. M1: 2, indicating that the object size in the figure is 1/2 of the object size. M1: 100 indicates that the object in the figure is l/100 of the object. However, pay attention to the difference between the ratio of the drawing and the actual ship and the ratio of the drawing to the model size. φrepresents the diameter of a circular object or a circular hole, and R represents the radius of a circular object or a circular hole. These symbols are written before the number. Generally, the length is in mm ). (Figure 96)
The working drawings of the Ship Model generally include the general layout diagram, the ship body diagram, and the part diagram. Some drawings also provide assembly drawings and power device installation diagrams. Simple and elementary Ship Model drawings, in addition to the general layout diagram and parts diagram, also need a simple hull line chart or the shape diagram of each horizontal partition, which is very useful for beginners. Next we will talk about it separately:
The general layout is also called the general layout. Based on the projection principle, the ship's top view, side view, front view, and back view map show the shape and layout of each part of the whole ship. It gives us an overview of the whole ship, including the shape, size, and position of larger components such as the hull and superstructure. When you look at a chart, you should compare the side view and the top view (some also have the front view and the back view) in the general chart. At the same time, you should refer to the text instructions and learn about shipbuilding, navy and maritime aspects to find out the basic situation of the model, such as name, purpose, characteristics, ship scale, propeller, rudder, weapons and equipment and various facilities on the ship.
We know that the ship is moving in water. To reduce the resistance of water, the hull is generally streamlined. A special figure that correctly represents a ship's streamlined body is called a ship shape line chart (referred to as a line chart ). A line chart includes a horizontal line chart, a vertical line chart, and a wide water line. To understand the formation of the three figures, we must first understand the three main sections of the hull, namely, the middle horizontal section, the middle longitudinal section and the base plane.
The vertical plane at the midpoint of the hull length at the beginning and end of the ship, called the middle and horizontal section. The vertical plane at the end of the ship's head and tail is called the middle vertical section. It is perpendicular to the middle cross section, and the hull is divided into two symmetric parts: left and right. The base plane is called the base plane through the bottom plane, which is perpendicular to the longitudinal and horizontal sections. (Figure 97) a horizontal line chart (also known as a hull shape chart) uses a group of planes parallel to the middle section to cut the hull at an equal distance, the line that intersection the hull surface is called a cross section line. The horizontal line is projected on a plane to form a horizontal line chart. To facilitate the difference, a ship is numbered from the stern to the first of the ship (or the opposite) in order, which is called the station number. In some cases, the first and tail shapes of the hull are complex, and a cross section is usually added between the first and last sections of the hull, the obtained horizontal line can be 1/2, 11/2, 21/2 ...... . Because the two sides of the hull are symmetric, you only need to draw half of the hull. Traditionally, the horizontal section line of the front hull is drawn on the right of the vertical section line in the horizontal section line, and the horizontal section line of the rear hull is drawn on the left side, which greatly simplifies the image. The cross section line is an important basis for the production of hull ribs, so it is also known as the rib line or rib line.
When a groove line chart is used to cut the hull with a plane parallel to the middle longitudinal section and an equal distance, a group of curves representing the longitudinal shape of the hull is obtained, which is called the longitudinal section line. Because the two sides of the hull are symmetric, when they are projected onto a plane, the corresponding longitudinal section line of the hull is heavy. This group of vertical lines projected together form a vertical line chart. The vertical lines are numbered by the Roman numerals I, II, III, and so on.
A half-width water line chart is a set of curves obtained from the intersection of the streamlined hull surface when the hull is cut by a group of planes parallel to the base plane and at an equal distance. It is called a water line. Project the water line to the base plane to form a water line chart. Because the hull is symmetric between the left and right, you only need to draw half of it, so it is also called a half-width water line chart. The waterline in a half-width image must be numbered from bottom to bottom. From the half width diagram, We can intuitively see the condition of the hull streamline, and some can also see the Axis Position of the propulsion device from the diagram. (Figure 98)
When creating a model, sometimes only the cross section of the hull, that is, the hull rib line chart, can be made into the Model Hull. Therefore, many model drawings only draw the general layout diagram, part diagram, and hull horizontal line diagram, while the longitudinal line diagram and the half width water line diagram are omitted,
When looking at a hull chart, Beginners should not only learn basic knowledge such as three-sided projection, but also understand the main names and meanings of the hull. For example, two vertical lines are made to the baseline of the hull from the first and stern of the ship. The distance between the two vertical lines is the maximum length of the ship, also called the total length. In the design waterline, the distance between the front of the ship and the rear margin of the tail column or the center line of the rudder rod is called the vertical line length. The widest distance between the two sides of the hull at the design waterline is called the shape width. In the middle of the hull, the distance from the edges of the main deck to the baseline is known as the depth of the shape. The distance from the design waterline to the baseline is called the draft depth. The vertical distance from the design waterline to the main deck edge is the freeboard height. On the longitudinal line chart, the arc of the deck edge in the first direction of the ship is called the first side arc, and the arc at the stern is called the tail side arc. The height of the arc curve of each deck on the crosstab chart is the height of the girder arch of the deck, usually L/50 of the width of the ship. (Figure 99)
The parts diagram, the general layout diagram, and the ship shape line diagram are all drawn based on the three-view projection principle. It tells us more specifically the shape and structure of the parts. But generally the above is not the standard size, the producer needs to actual measurement according to the proportion. Some parts are drawn into a three-dimensional diagram or an assembly Breakdown Diagram, which is easier to understand and make complicated parts. (Fig. 100)

Some special ship models, such as the air-cushion model and the high-speed hydrofoil model, are also commonly used to describe the internal structure of a certain part by means of a section view. The soft apron of the Air Cushion model is also commonly expressed in the form of an expanded diagram. The flat-Wing Model is also commonly used as an analyticdb value table. In short, there are many types of working drawings for the maritime model, and their forms are also different. You can recognize and practice multiple pictures in the production activities of the Maritime Model to quickly improve
Ship Model Hull creation BASICS (2) Ship Model
A good Model Hull not only improves the model's beauty, but also ensures its good Sailing Performance for models that can sail in the water. Therefore, the hull of the model should be accurate in line, firm structure, smooth surface, and strong water tightness.
It is simple and the hull of the initial model, with simple structure and easy processing. The simplified solid ship model can be made of solid wood. The paper model is made by folding, cutting, and sticking. The bottom of the ship and the ship side of the preliminary model are relatively straight and can be made of thin boards and wood slices. (Figure L01)
Medium and high-level models and various dedicated competition models are created using a framework method. Some also use laminated slice cutting, solid wood cutting, plastic injection molding, and material grease and glass fiber cloth paste. Here we will focus on the construction of the framed hull and FRP hull.
The construction method of the Framework hull can be made of wood or metal. The frame hull consists of a keel, a ship's head, a stern column, and a hull plate. Here, we use wooden as an example to describe the following. (Fig. 102)
Keel is a longitudinal component connected to the first column and tail of the whole ship. Based on the ship model size, the cross section can be selected as 5*5 ~ 10 × 10 (MM) rectangular wood. The first column and the tail column are located at the beginning and end of the ship respectively. The lower keel is connected to the pillar supporting the hull end frame. Generally, they can be made by a panel saw with the same width as the keel. The front and tail of some models can also be scaled into solid wood blocks, or added to solid wood on both sides of the first column (or tail column) for cutting. The rib plate is made based on the horizontal section line of the hull (horizontal section line. It is a horizontal component that guarantees the hull line type and supports the rib. It is usually made of plywood saw (Figure 103 ). The Arn is a longitudinal component that maintains the hull shape and connects the hull head, tail column, and each rib plate. Arn, based on the ship model size, the optional section is 3 × 3 ~ R × 5 (MM) Wood strips. A model must be installed with a lot of ARN bands to ensure the accuracy and good strength of the hull line.
In order to embed the Arn, each rib plate should be evenly sawed Out Of The arn slot. It is best to make the arn bars just snap into the slot. When dividing a rib trough, the first rib line from the deck to the baseline of the bottom of the ship can be located at the first end (or tail end) of the hull shape chart side, and the widest rib line in the ship, each part is divided into several equal parts and connected separately. The intersection of the line and each rib line is the position of the dragon rib trough of the Helper board. (Figure 104) the construction of a framework hull should be completed first. First, prepare a straight plank larger than the captain. Draw a center line and the positions of each rib of the model. The hull of the model can be made up or down on the deck. When the deck is made downward, because the Deck Surface of many ship models is arc (that is, there is a side arc) from the side, in order to ensure the accuracy of the side arc, you can add blocks of different heights to one end of each rib deck (called a pedestal pole ). The height of each rib plate pedestal can be measured from the line at the beginning and end of the lateral view in the model drawing. When fixing a rib plate, pay attention to the coincidence between the midline of the rib plate and the center line of the pedestal plate. To facilitate the split, the rib can be temporarily fixed with dingtalk. The sequence of preparing the hull architecture is to first place the rib plate and then place the first column and stern column of the ship. Sometimes the keel is first bonded with the first and last columns, and then sealed with the rib. The next step is to linearly fix the arn. Each step of bonding can be temporarily fixed with a straight pin, small clip or thin wire. After the architecture is built, you must use a knife to perform overall repair. (Fig. 105)
The hull plate can be made of a long wood block with a cross section of 2 × 10 (mm) or a wood block with a thickness of 1. 5mm. A narrower board can be used for bonding where the hull surface is bent. Note that the Wood Slice should not overlap and the seams should be tight. Apply glue to the wound. After the hull board is pasted, you need to use a knife or a small planer to flatten it. At the end of the ship, you need to use a wooden pin and a knife to sharpen it according to the hull line. In order to improve the hull strength and enhance water tightness. A thin cloth or gauze can be pasted on the outside of the shell board with fast-drying glue, transparent cloth oil or varnish. After drying, it can be coated with putty, polished, painted and beautified. It is made of metallic materials in a similar way. The rib can be bent by means of coarse wire, small self-made angle iron, or metal slice. Angle iron, I-iron, or type iron welded steel that can be bent from iron sheets. Each rib can be nailed to a wooden block or spot welded to a nail.
Before completing the architecture, you must consider the Installation Problems of the model, such as the bushing tube, rudder shaft tube, Anchor Pipe, keel, and the stability Plate of the sailing model. In some cases, you need to install the above components before installing the hull plate.
The Method of Making FRP hull is the hull of FRP, which has the characteristics of light weight, strong water tightness, corrosion resistance and vibration resistance. Some special Model Hull, such as high-speed internal combustion engine-powered speedboats, hydrofoil boats, air-cushion ships and wings boats, are more suitable for making FRP shells.
Make glass fiber reinforced plastic hull, can be Yang fuzzy, also can be Yin fuzzy. Yang die is generally made of solid wood, can also be made of hard foam, paraffin, cement or soil. To do the Yin mould, you often need to put the wood shape of the ship mould in a container (such as a wooden box) into gypsum or use resin paste to make multilayer glass fiber cloth outside the hull wood shape. Paste glass fiber reinforced plastic hull, generally can choose the o. 1mm thick glass fiber cloth.

6101, F-44 and other models of epoxy resin or unsaturated resin. The preparation method of each type of resin can be referred to the product manual and carried out under the guidance of instructors. During pasting, the foam release agent is uniformly coated in the mold. Carry thin rubber gloves. The glass cloth can be soaked with resin (rubbing), or a layer of glass cloth can be pasted and then brushed with a layer of resin. Do not create bubbles. According to the model size, paste to 1. 5 ~ 3mm thick. Such as accurate resin configuration, generally 2 hours can begin to cure, 24 hours can be released. The larger ship model should be attached with a horizontal wall and keel in the hull to increase the strength. In order to smooth and smooth the surface, there should also be processes such as putty, polishing and painting. Many of the raw materials for making FRP hull are inflammable and explosive chemicals. Pay special attention to fire prevention and explosion proof.
Ship model-making basis (iii) Power Unit
Power units must be installed for ships that can sail in the water. In addition to the wind-powered sailing model, the common power units in other models include rubber bands, motors, steam engines, and internal combustion engines.
The rubber band can reserve energy during the stretching and twisting process and release energy when it recovers from its original state. This principle is used to create the rubber band power. It has the advantages of convenient materials, low price, simple production, and multiple usage. It is easier for beginners to master. The disadvantage is that the reserve energy is limited and the work time is very short. However, if you use a multi-Shao rubber bundle or a gear device, you can also increase the distance of the model.
When using the dynamic rubber band, you can select the rubber band with a cross section of 1 × 1, 1 × 2, and l × 5 (MM) as the rubber band according to the model size. For details about how to create an oak bundle, see Figure 106 ). It is generally determined by experiments to determine the number of rubber bands and the maximum allowable torsion. You can make a self-made simple winding tool when you twist the rubber band, or you can use an electric hand to shake and twist the rubber band. The effect is very good. In order to obtain the maximum energy release, the rubber band can be stretched to 2 ~ of the original natural length before the torsion ~ 3 times, and then reverse. To prevent the rubber band from breaking, the rubber band should be rubbed with castoil before being stretched and twisted. When the rubber band is not used, wash it with soap and sprinkle it with a bit of talcum powder to prevent the rubber band from sticking to each other. Finally, store it in the glass bottle with shading.
An electric motor can convert electric energy into mechanical energy, which drives the propeller rotation of the model so that the model can move forward in the water. The motor is safe, reliable, and easy to use. It is widely used in self-propelled models and radio remote control models. The ship model uses a small DC motor with a voltage below 30 volts. Its body is cylindrical and contains a pair of fixed electromagnetic poles that can generate magnetic fields. It is called the stator (the stator of permanent magnet and the stator of electromagnetic motor is a pair of electromagnetic coils ). In the middle of the stator is a rotating armature called a rotor. The rotor is a cylinder made of silicon steel sheet. It is mounted on the motor shaft and embedded in the longitudinal groove of the rotor into a winding wound made of insulated copper wire. The current is imported into the rotor winding through a brush to generate a magnetic field, the rotor rotates when it interacts with the stator magnetic field. The toy Motors sold on the market and some miniature motors are always magnetic. For example, a few or even several hundred watts of power are electromagnetic.
Generally, the simple and elementary model can be used as the power of a toy motor. Several toy motors can be placed in a single model at the same time. For example, four toy motors can be installed in a model with a total length of less than 80 cm. You can also concatenate two toy motors for use. For example, you can place two sets of toy motors in the left warship model of the total length of 100 cm.
The voltage of the toy motor is 1.5 ~ 4.5 volts. When the voltage is 3 volts and the load is 15 centimeter, the current is about 700 mA, and the speed is about 5000 rpm. This type of motor is generally powered by a Dry Battery. The voltage of a Dry Battery is 1.5 V, and the voltage is 4.5 V. In order to make the toy motor work for a long period of time, several groups of batteries with a voltage of 4.5 V can be used in parallel (Figure l07 ). For a large model, you can select a motor based on the model size, model type, and model speed requirements. For example, the available power of a civil ship model with a length of about 2.4 meters is 30 ~ 50-watt motor; a warship model with a length of about 2.4 meters can use a power of 70 ~ 100 watt motor.
A high-power motor can be powered by a rechargeable battery. Commonly Used lead-acid batteries, maintenance-free lead-acid batteries. Nickel-cadmium batteries can be used if conditions are met. The electric capacity is usually measured in ampere hours. For example, a battery with a voltage of 1.5 V and a capacitance of 10 amps can work continuously for 10 hours when a current is discharged at a voltage of 1.5 volts. Of course, when the discharge current is large, the battery working time should be shortened accordingly. Regardless of the type of battery, charge and discharge should be strictly as required. When the voltage drops to the specified charging voltage, it must be stopped and immediately charged to avoid damage to the power.
When a DC motor is used, the direction of rotation of the motor is sometimes changed according to the direction of the propeller rotation. You only need to change the positive and negative power supply of the permanent magnet motor. The electromagnetic motor has two sets of electromagnetic coils: stator and rotor, and each set of coils has two plus and minus headers. no matter whether the internal wiring is parallel or serial connection, you only need to adjust the power direction of either of the two coils when reversing. But do not change the two groups at the same time. Otherwise, the motor cannot be switched.
When using the motor, pay attention to maintenance and maintenance. The power supply voltage shall not exceed the rated operating voltage of the motor. The motor's uranium tile or bearing should be frequently lubricated. The carbon deposit generated by the friction of the brush and the electric spark on the commutator can be wiped off with a small cloth block stained with alcohol. Keep dry around the motor to prevent dust, water and oil from entering the motor.
In addition to using wind power, primary ribs, and motor as power, ships can also use steam engines and internal combustion engines. Among the steam engine power, there are a variety of common types, such as the Single-acting steam engine of Swing Type Cylinder and double-acting double-cylinder steam engine. It requires a boiler with a burning wine box or kerosene to boil the water in the boiler to generate steam, and push the steam engine to work. Currently, ship models are widely used in rare steam engines outside China (such as Japan.
A small internal combustion engine is widely used as a power device for ship models. For example, the models of internal combustion engine-powered air-cushion vessels, hydrofoil boats, and fl boats and the ship models of various speedboats are ideal for both the sailing speed and the sailing status (Fig. 108 ).
A large-scale remote control FRP missile cushion boat model with a total length of 2 meters and a total weight of more than 40 kilograms was created in 1978. The engine was powered by two cylinders working with a passenger volume of 40 ml. The boarding speed and sailing effect of the boat basically meet the design requirements. The sailing speed is 30 kilometers per hour. It can not only sail at high speed on the water surface, but also walk in the grass and cement square. Currently, in the maritime model competition, the and B Round racing boats model, F1, F3-v level temperature controlled racing boats, FSR level remote control endurance racing boats and F8 level remote control meters straight line racing boat model, etc, both use internal combustion engines for power. (Fig. 109)
The model uses a small internal combustion engine partial pressure fuel and heat plug. The engine size is mainly divided by the number of cylinders. In China, 1.5 mL, 2.5 mL, 3.5 ml, 5 ml, 6.5 ml, 10 ml, and 40 ml are common.
The pressure-burning engine uses the combustible mixed gas into the cylinder to compress the piston and generate high temperature and ignition and burn it on its own. The rapid expansion promotes the movement of the piston. The engine is equipped with an anti-piston on the top of the cylinder to adjust the compression ratio. It does not need ignition equipment and is easy to construct, use, and maintain. Currently, it is mostly used on an air propeller. However, its speed and power are relatively limited. (Fig. 110)
Heat plug-in engine, installed in the cylinder head with a starting point to fuel the heat plug-in, also known as the heat head. There is a spiral resistance wire of high grade alloy (such as platinum-iridium alloy) in the heat plug. When starting the engine, connect the heat to 1.5 ~ 2 V low voltage power supply. The burning resistance wire can ignite the mixed gas in the cylinder, so that it burns and expands and pushes the piston to work. Since then, the high temperature in the cylinder can make the resistance wire of the Heat plug maintain the hot state, continue to ignite the combustible gas continuously entering the cylinder, so that the engine works normally. Therefore, you can remove heat Plug Power after startup. This type of engine uses methanol as the main fuel, and the speed is relatively high and large. It is also used more.
The general model engine is composed of the casing, the back cover of the casing, the cylinder, the cylinder, the piston, the piston pin, the connecting rod, the crankshaft, the injection pipe, the oil needle, the propeller pad and the propeller cap. The pressure-burning internal combustion engine also has anti-piston and pressure regulating screw components. Heat plug-in engine also has cylinder top cover and heat plug and other parts. (Fig. 111)
The casing is the "body" of the engine, supporting and connecting all parts of the engine. A cylinder is a chamber in which fuel and air are mixed to burn and push the piston up and down reciprocating motion. The piston moves up and down, and the crankshaft rotates in the lower part of the casing through the connecting rod. The engine carburetor consists of air intake, tubing, and oil needles. It can change the fuel from a fluid to a fog, and then mix it with the air in a proper proportion to form a combustible mixed gas and enter the cylinder for combustion. The slurry pad and cap are used to fasten the screw slurry. The back-piston and pressure regulating screw of the pressure-burning engine are used to start the engine and adjust the engine speed. Change the up and down positions of the anti-piston, adjust the volume of the combustion chamber, and then change the compression ratio in the cylinder. When the compression ratio increases, the pressure and temperature of the gas in the cylinder are increased, making it easy for mixed gases to burn, making it easy to start and increase. However, if the compression ratio is too large, it is easy to make the mixed gas burn too early, so that the crankshaft and connecting rod are severely impacted, resulting in parking or damage to the device. Heat plug-in on the top of the engine cylinder is used to ignite the mixture. Before installation, you can use a multimeter or the prescribed voltage to check whether the current is good. During installation, compress the engine cylinder to prevent air leakage. The engine cylinder is covered with many heat sink and cooled by air.
Before an engine is used, use kerosene or gasoline with oil to clean it. After disassembling and cleaning, be sure not to make the location of the parts wrong during assembly. The new engine must be used after running-in. Air propeller should be used when grinding. 2.5 mL engine, available diameter 220mm, pitch 120mm paddles. An engine of 5 ml and 10 ml can be used with a pitch of 260mm and 300mm respectively. When grinding, you should use a oil needle (the pressure-burning engine must be combined with the adjustment of the anti-piston position) to change to the oil-rich State, so that the engine is in a low-speed running-in. Starting from 5 ~ 6 minutes, after each break-in, wait for the engine to cool and then perform the second break-in. After 30 minutes, you can gradually increase the running-in time to 10 ~ 20 minutes, 30 minutes in total ~ 40 minutes later, for example, if the waste oil from the engine does not contain black powder, you can change the propeller to run at High Speed 2 ~ 3 minutes. If the speed is stable and there is no congestion, it can be installed on the model for formal use. The oil needle is used to adjust the input volume. Generally, the oil needle is first screwed to the head before starting, and then the oil needle is rotated back 3 ~ It can be started in 4 circles. When using a hot plug-in engine, you can first inhale some mixed gas in the cylinder, or inject a few drops of fuel into the exhaust and intake. Connect to the power supply, you can see the heat plug light in the exhaust port, you can dial the propeller to start. For example, when you dial the propeller, the feeling is lighter and the heat plug is very bright. This is a poor oil phenomenon. You can adjust the throttle appropriately. If the feeling is heavy, the heat is dark, or the sound of "Silk" is sent from the cylinder, it is likely to be oily. At this time, you can turn off the small accelerator, or reverse dial the propeller to discharge the oil from the machine tray and start it. The fuel oil of the pressure-burning engine is castoil, kerosene and ether, each accounting for 1/3. The fuel oil of the heat engine is 25 ~ 30%. Methanol accounts for 70 ~ 75%. Both types of fuel should be balanced and filtered for use.
Basis for making sea mould (4) engine and transmission device
The engine is the power source of the model. Improper installation will not only affect the normal sailing of the model, but also seriously damage the model. The engine installation should be considered before the Model Hull is created, especially the internal combustion engine-powered model.
Starting from the side view and half width chart in the Ship Model drawing, according to the position of the propeller axis (that is, the center line of the shaft), the size of the engine and the width of the ship shell, determine the location of the engine, the size of the seat (or platform), and the inclination of the pedestal. Propeller axis is often marked on the drawing, should try to make the machine shaft and propeller shaft in a straight line. For example, some connecting parts are used between two axes, and a certain angle is allowed. If the engine is too high, the length of the propulsion shaft will be increased, affecting the installation of other equipment in the ship, and putting the model's center of gravity in front. The engine is too low, because the stern is relatively narrow and will affect its installation. Various Racing Boat Models powered by internal combustion engines have strict requirements on the engine installation position, which directly leads to a change in the center of gravity of the model boat and affects the sailing performance of the model. Therefore, the installation location of this model is determined only after multiple pilot tests. If you make a model drawing that has proven to have good performance, do not change the engine location easily.
There are many ways to fix the engine in the seat. Generally, a wooden or metal seat (or table) must be created to facilitate fixation ). The seat should be fixed with the rib plate or the Bottom Plate of the model. For wooden or glass-steel models, wooden blocks can be connected with resin glue and reinforced with wooden screws. For metal models, the metal seat can be welded. The motor of a ship can be fixed by means of fastening. Internal Combustion Engines are usually fixed by pre-embedded screw methods. (Fig. 112)
After the engine is installed, there will also be a set of transmission devices to transmit the power to the outside of the hull to drive the propeller, so that the ship model advances in the water.
General transmission devices include the connecting components between the drive shaft (generally the propeller shaft in the model), the engine shaft (hereinafter referred to as the axle) and the drive shaft, and the Shaft Casing (hereinafter referred to as the axle sleeve) and in vitro axial support. Some models use a gearbox to reduce the engine speed, increase the number of power output shafts, or change the rotation direction of the propulsion shaft, which is also part of the transmission device. (Fig. 113)
The drive shaft must have a certain degree of strength and be very straight. Small models can be replaced by different models of Bicycle Wheel Spoke. If the engine power is large, you can select a diameter of 3 ~ 6mm of steel bars are used as shafts. Some model fans use electrode cores, waste gun strip, and so on as the shaft, the effect is also very good.
In order to make the drive shaft smoothly extend out of the hull, a water-tight sleeve pipe needs to be fixed at the place where the hull extends out of the shaft. A simple or elementary model can be used for a metal pipe with a diameter slightly thicker than the drive shaft, or an empty plastic pipe with a waste ballpoint pen core. In order not to allow water to enter the ship through the bushing tube, you can choose to use a longer (or try to lengthen) bushing tube, so that it can reach above the draft line; or, you can also inject some butter into the bushing tube. For the sleeve tube of the general model, you can select an internal diameter of 3 to the shaft diameter ~ Four times the metal pipe, can also be welded with metal pieces. The front of the pipe is welded vertically to a relatively heavy metal pipe, and the pipe is connected to the bushing. Both ends of the bushing can be embedded with the "Bearing Bush" bent with copper wires, and the conditional copper material can be used for car production. The "Bearing Bush" must be welded to the bushing tube. After the bushing tube and the shell are stuck, wait for the transmission shaft to pass through the casing, and then squeeze the butter into the Casing Tube by the injection tubing. Other methods are shown in Figure 114.
The connecting component between the shaft and the shaft, transmits the kinetic energy of the engine shaft to the power shaft, or passes the power shaft through the gear box. Because this kind of kinetic energy is transmitted by the torque of rotation, and sometimes due to some needs of installation, the axis of the engine shaft and the drive shaft (the center line of the shaft) are often not in a straight line. This requires that the connecting parts of the shaft have a certain intensity and Can slightly change the transmission direction.
The most common is spring Drive connections. This method is simple and suitable for small models. You can choose a spring with a certain strength with a diameter similar to the shaft and the drive shaft (preferably the end of the spring just embedded into the shaft ). The spring ends should be cleaned with a knife or fine sandpaper, and then welded to the engine shaft and drive shaft respectively. Because the welding forces are high during transmission, it is easy to open welding, which will affect the normal trial or competition of the model. This can be solved by increasing the welding area. Currently, in the complete set of Ship Model materials or parts sold by foreign model stores, factory-processed detachable spring drive parts are often used for convenient replacement and maintenance. Currently, there are not many products in our country. If you have the conditions, you can try it out on your own. For high-power engines, various universal connectors can be used as connecting components. Some must be made by means of Machine Tool processing, and some can be made by simple fitter tools. The results are satisfactory: (Figure 115)

The bracket, also known as the flip-flops, is an external part supporting the normal operation of uranium transmission. It is simple. It can be made of iron or welded with metal tubes. More formal, available lathe production and welding. During assembly, refer to figure 113.
Some motors in the gear box have a high speed. If the propeller is directly driven to rotate, the motor will heat up very quickly. At the same time, the propeller will not obtain a large torque. The use of the gear box can better solve this problem. One motor drives two or more transmission shafts, and the gear box of the deceleration and increasing axis can be used. When making a gear box, the box board should use copper materials. When drilling a shaft hole, you can first weld two boxes of the same size (or fixed with a hand-tiger clamp) together to make the drill shaft hole position consistent. A small gearbox can be directly replaced by a shaft hole. For a large gearbox, it is best to separate the copper bearing bush or the bearing sleeve of the gear shaft, and then embed the bearing. After the gear box is ready, when a gear shaft is hashed by hand, the other gears should also rotate with brisk movement. If there is a "Dead Point" or serious congestion in some places, make necessary adjustments. It is best to make the gear box closed, and inject some gear oil into it to lubricate the gear. (Fig. 116)
When installing a gearbox, pay attention not only to the installation angle between the shaft and the shaft, but also to the robustness of the installation between the gearbox and the hull. See Figure 117 for the combination of gears.
Ship Model preparation basis (5) propeller of Ship Model
As we all know, when a ship is sailing in water, it must have a certain degree of motivation to overcome the various resistance of water or other natural conditions (such as the wind) on the ship and let the ship move forward. A ship is powered by a force other than the ship itself, such as wind power and Lee's gravity. They act on a sail or a fiber rope to make the ship move forward. There is a certain power source inside the ship (such as human resources or various engines) to send energy, drive a certain number of devices (such as paddles, refer, clear wheel, flat wheel, water spray, air jet, air propeller, water propeller, etc.) to push water or air, let the ship go forward with the reaction of water or air. These devices can convert the energy provided by the power source into the thrust of the forward force of the ship, which is called the propeller of the ship.
There are many types of propeller used in ship models. Such as air propeller, water propeller and Water Jet Propeller. Here we will only focus on the most used underwater propeller in Ship Model manufacturing.
Basic knowledge water propeller is a spiral propeller composed of blades with a certain angle of installation. This blade is called a blade. The root of the blade is connected to a streamlined sleeve, which is referred to as the hub of the propeller. The end of the blade connecting to the hub is the leaf root, and the outermost end is the leaf tip. When the propeller is turning forward the ship, the side of the blade pushing water is called the leaf surface (also known as the working face), and the back is called the back of the leaf. One side of the blade first enters the water is called the guiding edge, and the other side is called the accompanying edge. When the propeller rotates, the circular track drawn by the blade tip around the center of the propeller hub is called the tip circle. The diameter of this circle is the diameter of the propeller, and its value is usually represented by D. (Fig. 118)
A propeller with a large diameter is easy to generate a large thrust, but in fact it is limited by the power of the engine and the immersion depth of the propeller. Generally, the diameter D of a single propeller is generally 0.6 ~ 0.75 stern draft depth; use dual propeller, diameter is generally 0.6 ~ 0.7 stern draft depth. The diameter of the propeller hub is generally 16 ~ 20%. When the propeller is in the water, the blade tip should be 20 to the diameter D from the bottom of the ship ~ 50%.
The area of the tip circle is called the Disk Area of the propeller, which is represented by AD. The working area of each blade is called the leaf area. The sum of the leaf areas of a propeller is the total push area of the propeller, which is called the expanded area, which is represented by. The ratio of the expanded area of the propeller to the disk area is called the disk area ratio, that is:
Disk-plane ratio = A/A d the disk-plane ratio of the propeller is close to 100%; the disk-plane ratio of the propeller, such as the destroyer, cruiser, and tractor, is also more than 90%; generally, the propeller plane ratio of the cargo ship and other low-speed ships is about 60%.
In order to make the propeller generate a certain amount of thrust to the aquatic product during rotation, the blade and the hub must have a certain angle of installation (the angle between the blade root and the disc surface ). To improve the efficiency of water flow, the angle from the leaf root to the leaf tip gradually decreases. A propeller rotates in a rigid medium (theoretically assumed), so that the distance before the propeller advances is called the geometric pitch of the propeller, represented by H. This is similar to the principle of rotating a wooden screw on the wood, making the screw move toward the depth of the wood for a distance. The angle between the propeller surface and the disc surface is called the pitch angle. The smaller the angle, the smaller the pitch. The larger the pitch angle, the larger the pitch. The ratio of the geometric pitch h-phase diameter D of the propeller is called the pitch ratio, expressed in P, that is, P = H/D. In fact, because the propeller is rotated in a flexible medium (water, there is a phenomenon of "slipping", and the actual pitch of the propeller is smaller than its geometric pitch.
The propeller blades are in symmetric shank circles and asymmetric "knives" shapes. -The widest distance between the blade and the root of the blade is about 2/3 to the average width of the blade ~ 1.35 times. The cross-section of a blade is thicker than the blade root, and the cross-section shape of the blade has an important impact on the propulsion efficiency of the propeller. Generally, the bow and wing shapes are the most common. (Fig. 119)

When selecting a propeller, some models with high loads and slow speeds, such as cargo ships, ice-breaking ships, and towing ships, may use symmetric elliptical blades, and the pitch ratio (P) is 0.7 ~ 4-blade propeller of 1.0. For various passenger ships, the available pitch ratio is 0.8 ~ 4-blade propeller of 1.2. Some ship models with large loads and fast speeds, such as cruisers, destroyer and frigates, can be selected with "knives" blades with a pitch ratio of 1.0 ~ 3-blade propeller of 1.2. Some models with low load and high speed can also be selected with a "Knife" Blade. The pitch ratio is 1. 2 ~ 2 blade propeller of 1.5. The pitch ratio of the propeller used in some racing boats powered by internal combustion engines is as high as 2.5 ~ 3.
How can we measure the geometric pitch of a propeller? The method is to first create an arc at 60% of the maximum radius of the blade, each having two points, A and B. Place the propeller on a piece of paper and measure the vertical distance from point A to point B. Then, the angular tool is used to determine the angle α formed by the straight line directed to the center point from point A and point B respectively. The following formula is used to calculate the geometric pitch of the propeller. (Fig. 120)
(Pitch) H = (c × 360)/α

Measure the pitch angle of each propeller blade, as shown in Figure 121.
The production of the propeller is simple. The propeller in the water can be made of thin metal blades. The profile of the propeller can be extended on the metal blades (such as iron), and then trimmed with a small blade, drill a circular hole in the center of the propeller with the same diameter as the sleeve of the propeller and insert the shaft into the hole for welding. Finally, twist each blade to a bending angle with a circular mouth clamp (or hand), and the propeller will be ready.
You can also create a simple propeller with an propeller. First, the blades of the propeller are cut out separately and stacked together and shaping with a knife. To ensure accurate welding, a circle can be drawn on a piece of wood, and the angle can be determined by several blades of paddles at the center of the circle. Pin the pins of different heights at a certain position, fix the banners at the center of the circle, and then stick each blade to the pin at a certain angle or spot welding, finally, pad the blade root with the striped hat. (Fig. 122)
The propeller of the ship model with high host power and high speed must be very accurate and have good strength. According to the requirements on the drawings, you can draw a propeller image, such as the diameter, disc, Hub, diameter of the propeller shaft, and the expansion of the blade. It is best to use a brass chassis for the propeller hub. In order to make the blade welded firmly, a steel saw or a mix of steel should be used according to the number of blades to open a small slot with the same thickness as the blade on the hub. Embed the root of the blade into the groove before welding.
The opened small slot should have a certain angle with the disc surface, that is, the pitch angle. The desired pitch angle depends on the model type, engine power, speed, and model speed. For models with low speed and low engine power, and motor power models with high rotation speed but without deceleration, the pitch angle of the blade root is generally 25 ° ~ Between 30 °. If the engine power is large, the model speed is high, or the motor is slowed down, the pitch angle of the blade root of the propeller is generally 30 ° ~ Between 45 °. The propeller of the racing boat model with a pitch angle of 40 ° ~ Between 60 °. Or even greater. For the convenience of slotting, you can make a self-made mold slotted with different pitch angles. (Fig. 123)
Propeller Blades can be 1 ~ 2mm thick brass and phosphorus copper. You can first cut the blades into a certain shape according to the figure, and then use a knife to drop the blades out of the wing. In order to make the blades have different pitch angles at different radius (gradually becoming smaller from the blade root), the caster can clamp the blade root, and then pad soft objects (such as rubber) with the flat pliers) gently twist the blade to the opposite direction of the propeller rotation. Be sure not to reverse the angle too large. The angle of several blades should be as consistent as possible.
When welding blades to the hub, the copper heat conduction is too fast, often one blade has not been welded, and the other just welded blade fell off due to soldering. In this case, you can wrap the welded blades with a wet cloth or insert them into the water for cooling, and then weld another blade. If conditions are met, you can create a small fixture (Figure 124 ). Some soldering tin can be added to the root of the leaf. After welding, repair and polishing with a small blade. Some of the more formal models often need to make several sets of propeller with different pitch for selection during trial.
With a single propeller model, the propeller can be rotated Right (or left) (forward from the stern ). The dual-propeller should be transferred externally (from the upper half of the propeller) or simultaneously to the inner.
Haimo production Foundation (6) Manufacture of rudder and rudder angle Regulator
All types of ships should have certain sailing performance when they are sailing in water, such as the float, stability, speed, adaptability, anti-sinking, and the control of the ship. The flexibility of a ship is one of the important sailing performances of a ship. The flexibility of a ship includes the stability of the course to keep its course unchanged and the rotation of the course capability to change according to the driver's intention. In order to ensure the good operation performance of the ship, except for the well-designed Hull Line, generally equipped with rudder equipment. In a ship, a rudder device consists of a rudder, a steering gear, and a steering gear.
A rudder generally consists of a rudder leaf and a rudder rod (or a rudder shaft. The rudder leaf is a plate or a plate with a streamlined section. The rudder rod is a circular shaft Connected to the rudder leaf, which can drive the Left and Right rotation of the rudder leaf. The rudder is usually positioned in the stern or symmetric in the middle section. Vertical immersion water. So how is the rudder used to influence the force direction of the ship's sailing? (See Figure 125 ). If a ship is sailing without wind and waves, the ship's rudder angle is zero (that is, when the plane of the rudder blade overlaps or is parallel to the central longitudinal section of the ship), the ship should sail in a straight line. If the rudder leaves deflection at an angle a due to the effect of water flow. The water pressure FN perpendicular to the rudder is generated. Water pressure f n can be divided into horizontal force separation Fi and vertical force separation FP. The transverse force separation FI will rotate the ship around its center of gravity G, turning towards the same side of the rudder. Vertical force separation FP is opposite to the forward direction of the ship, thus affecting the speed of the ship. If the rudder angle of the ship remains unchanged at all times, the ship will sail along a circular route, which we call a rotary movement. The small rotary radius of a ship indicates that the ship's Rotary performance is good.
In actual ships, there are many types of rudder. See the shape of the rudder. There are trapezoid, rectangle, shovel type and some special shape rudder. According to the shape of the rudder section, there are plate rudder and streamlined rudder. For example, it can be divided into support rudder, semi-suspension rudder, and suspension rudder Based on the rudder support. According to the distribution of the rudder plane and the rudder axis, it can be divided into the balanced rudder, semi-balanced rudder and unbalanced rudder. In addition, there are "Special Rudder" for various special purposes ". (Fig. 126)
In ship models, most merchant ships use the streamlined support balanced rudder, which is commonly used in ship models. The primary and simplified models mostly adopt the flat rudder.
The primary and simplified model rudder can be cut by Thin Metal Sheets according to the drawings. You can also select a slightly thicker metal slice (soldered) to cut the desired shape, open a long port in the place where the rudder axis is installed (that is, the axis line), embed the shaft and then weld it. Without changing the course model, the rudder can be directly pinned to the model's stern plate or bottom plate. (Figure L27)
Some intermediate and advanced models, especially those that require sailing and steering in the water, must not only make them very realistic, flexible, but also very solid. Such a rudder is usually made of a streamlined section. Smaller, it can be bent Based on the drawing shape with a-block whole iron. To prevent any rotation of the rudder shaft in the rudder leaf, you can bend the lower end of the snake shaft to a certain angle in advance and fasten it. This method can also be used to create a wooden rudder. Make two sliced wood slices (or plywood ). in the middle, a small groove is dug out based on the degree of bending of the rudder shaft, so that the rudder shaft is embedded and coated with waterproof glue (such as 914 epoxy resin wave) for bonding. After the rudder is fully bonded, it will be smoothed out by means of frustration and sandpaper.
A slightly larger rudder should be added with several streamlined reinforcing boards in the rudder leaf. In this way, the rudder strength can be increased. To prevent the shaft from rotating in the rudder, the rudder uranium should also have a bend in the rudder leaf. For example, first welding the reinforcing plate in the rudder leaf with the rudder shaft in sequence, and then bending the end of the rudder shaft to a right angle, welding with the bottom of the reinforcing plate, and finally welding with thin metal pieces around the reinforcing plate. This type of rudder should be watertight, preventing water from rust from entering the rudder leaf. In addition, the ownership of the rudder should make the rudder surface smooth, smooth, avoid bending phenomenon, otherwise it will affect the use of the rudder effect. (Fig. 128)
Rudder,-insert the rudder shaft into the body of the ship through the bushing tube. For self-propelled models (such as group E models), the rudder angle regulator is usually installed in the ship to adjust the rudder angle. The remote control model requires a special steering gear to control the rudder angle. Here we will only focus on the production method of the self-propelled model rudder angle regulator.
The self-propelled model requires that the route be straight. In addition to correctly creating the hull and the ballast with the appropriate model, you can adjust the course direction of the model by gradually changing the rudder angle. A slight change in the rudder angle will have a great impact on the ship's model heading, which requires a small adjustment of the blunt angle regulator's rudder angle. At the same time, the rudder leaf at the rudder angle should also maintain a certain degree of robustness. The rudder angle cannot be changed because of the speed or flow of the Ship Model. Otherwise, the significance of the adjustment will be lost. For the primary model, you can choose to fix the slice rudder handle with a nut and use rubber friction to fix the elastic Steel Wire rudder handle. For a large model, you can use the method of adjusting the rudder handle of the screw and the screw. The latter method is used to adjust the rudder angle with high precision and robustness. It has been proved to be a good self-propelled rudder angle regulator by many maritime model enthusiasts, there is no fixed requirement on the diameter and length of the nut and screw.
The regulator consists of a rudder handle, adjusting screw, adjusting nut, and screw bracket. The rudder handle can be a long metal plate. One end is welded to the top of the rudder rod, and the other end uses a clamp or other tool to open a long hole. The screw bracket should be made of a slightly thicker metal plate saw (such as 1 ~ 2mm thick copper ). The front end of the screw is welded to a limit piece based on the width of the bracket, so that the screw rotates on the bracket, rather than moving left and right. Before assembly, turn on the screw-nut and weld a Metal Column Based on the long hole width on the rudder handle (with a small nail to cut off ). After installation, you only need to turn the screw to make the nut movement on the left and right of the screw, and simultaneously move with the rudder handle, which achieves the purpose of adjusting the rudder angle. In order to gradually understand the sailing performance of the model during the pilot flight, you can install a rudder angle indicator board (I .e. a dial) on the regulator, and perform the pilot Flight under different meteorological conditions each time: such as wind direction, wind speed, course direction and rudder angle, so as to summarize the sailing experience. (Fig. 129)