Summary of Computer fundamentals and operating system fundamentals

First, the Computer Foundation

1. von Neumann system:

Input device, memory, arithmetic, controller, output device

Von. Neumann architecture is the foundation of modern computers and is therefore known as the father of computers.

2. Computer Development and application:

1) The first computer was born in the United States in 1946 and was named Eniac. 30 Dayton, mainly for the calculation of ballistic and hydrogen bomb development.

2) The first generation: Electron tube computer, mainly uses the electron tube original to do the basic device. Large size, large power consumption, slow speed, maintenance difficulties, expensive. In software, it is common to write applications using machine language and assembly language. Mainly used for scientific calculation.

3) Second generation: transistor computer. The emergence of transistors in the 50 led to a fundamental development of computer production technology, the transistor instead of the most computer-based devices, the overall performance than the first generation has been greatly improved. The advent of Fortran,cobol and other high-level languages has enabled the transistor computer to be applied in data processing and process control on the basis of scientific calculation.

4) The third generation: small and medium-sized integrated circuits computer, in the middle of the 60, with the development of semiconductor technology, the successful manufacture of integrated circuits. The main storage of the computer is seen in the transition to the semiconductor memory, the volume is greatly reduced, due to reduced solder joints and connector, improve the reliability of the computer. In terms of software, there are standardized programming languages and MMI-type basic languages, and their application fields are further expanded.

5) Fourth generation: large scale and VLSI computers, with the successful production and application of LSI to the calculation and hardware production process, the volume is further reduced, the performance is further improved. Computers can be seen in almost all areas.

6) Fifth generation: Fifth generation computer refers to a new generation of computers with artificial intelligence, has not really appeared.

3. Computer language:

1) Machine language: The only language that can be directly recognized by a computer, consisting of 0 and 1 code. Difficult to remember and identify

2) Assembly language: machine-oriented low-level languages, maintain the advantages of machine language, direct, concise. The machine does not directly recognize the program written in assembly language, it needs assembler to assemble assembly language into machine languages. such as: C language

3) High-level language: close to the mathematical language and human natural language, while not relying on computer hardware, written programs can be passed on all machines. Like PHP, JAVA, C + +, Python, Ruby, and so on.

4. Operating system:

1). Unix:unix was originally developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie in 1968 and was transplanted to UNIXPDP-11/20 in 1970, the first version of which shows that UNIX began as a multi-user operating system. 1973 Ken and Dennis succeeded in rewriting the UNIX core with C, and the interpreter was rewritten to increase the robustness of the system, making programming and debugging much easier. At the end of 70, the company announced ownership of UNIX products. At the same time, CSRG (Berkeley computer System research team) made their UNIX a complete UNIX system BSD Unix, the system first implemented the TCP/IP protocol, the Internet and UNIX tightly together, and later at& T company also launched UNIX system V. Modern UNIX systems are the derivative of these two systems.

2) Linux:linux was developed by the Finnish Linus Torvalds on Unix, and its source program was launched by the Internet, which aroused the enthusiasm of the global computer enthusiasts, many people downloaded the source program and perfected one aspect of the function according to their own wishes. Sent back to the Internet, Linux is thus carved into the world's most stable, most promising operating system. In fact, Linux is just an operating system kernel that simply provides some basic system calls. What we use, such as Red Hat Linux, is actually a Linux kernel + a variety of application software.

3) DOS: In the single-user, single-tasking system stage, after the cp/m, there are C-dos, M-dos disk operating system. It is worth mentioning that MS-DOS, which is the operating system running on IBM-PC and its compatible machine, later, Microsoft acquired the patent of the operating system, is equipped with the IBM-PC machine, and named Pc-dos. In 1987, the ms-dos3.3 version released by Microsoft was a very mature and reliable DOS version.

Modern operating systems also have to go to many of the typical representative, such as: Windows, OS/2 and so on.

I first write a blog, time is compact, the content may not be very comprehensive, please understand!

Summary of Computer fundamentals and operating system fundamentals