The BKS System for the Philco-2000 learning note

Recently, I need to read this paper because of my studies ... A runny nose turned over the side in order to better understand, who let me English slag .... There are many places to feel the translation is still a problem or not smooth, but also please give us a lot of advice.

The BKS System for the philco-2000*
RICHARD B. SMITH, Westinghouse

The BKS system is a program sequencing System designed for the Philco-2000 computer to meet operational requirements of th E Bettis and Knolls Atomic Power Laboratories.
BKS is a program serialization system designed to meet the operational requirements of the Betis and Noel Atomic Energy Labs for the Flying Song-2000 computer.
The Philco-2000 on which this system is being used have a 32,768-word memory, tape transports online, and an electric Ty Pewriter online.
Flying songs using the system-2000 with 32768-word-size memory, 16 online tape devices, and an online electric printer.
The Card-to-tape, Card-to-printer, Tape-to-card, Tape-to-printer, and routine tape-to-tape operations is performed with O Ff-line equipment.
Data from card-to-tape, card-to-printer, tape-to-card, tape-to-printer, and routine tape-to-tape read-write operations are done by offline devices.
The BKS system controls loading of independent programs from either cards or the Master System tape,provides common Functi ONS required by programs,assigns all logical tapes to available physical tape transports, and directs the mounting an D Removal of all file tapes.
The BKS system controls the loading of a standalone program, whether it comes from a card or a main system, provides common functionality required by most programs, maps all logical tapes to available physical tapes, and dominates the loading and dismounting of all file tapes.
Some uniformity is imposed on individual programs by the system, especially in regard to operating characteristics. Established standards require that programs should not
Some uniformity requires that the operating system be applied to individual programs, especially when considering the operational characteristics. The standards required by the procedure should not:
(a) contain machine halts,
Contains machine-pending instructions
(b) Rewind the input, output, or program tapes,
Rewind the input, output, or program tape,
(c) require special toggle or sense switch settings, or
Request a special switch or a sensitive switch setting, or
(d) Utilize memory assigned for the system.
Utilize the storage allocated to the system.
The system requires 2560 locations and uses an additional locations as temporary storage.
The system requires 2,560 storage units and uses an additional 128 storage units as temporary storage.
All tapes is assigned by a set of established locations within the area assigned to the system.
The distribution of all tapes is done through a set of established addresses within the area assigned to the system.
From these locations, tape subroutines could obtain the physical tape transport assignments for the program being executed.
With these addresses, the sub-programs on the tape can obtain physical tape transfer tasks to the program that is executing at this time.
The sign bits of each tape assignment are used to indicate tapes assigned to a program. A positive sign signifies the assignment of a tape and a negative sign signifies that the tape have not been assigned. Tape logics May is changed by interchanging the contents of both or more Tape assignment locations.
The symbol bits for each tape-assigned address are used to indicate whether a program has been assigned to it. A positive sign indicates that the tape has not been assigned, and the minus signs indicate that it has been assigned. The logical address of a tape can be changed by swapping the contents of more than two tape allocation units.
Eight categories classify the general use of all tapes. The categories is as follows:
The general use of all tapes can be summarized in eight categories. As follows:
(a) A scratch or blank tape designation identifies a tape to being used for the temporary storage of data.
A random or blank tape designator determines that a tape is used to temporarily store data.
(b) A program tape are required of all segmented programs and identifies the tape from which the program segments may OB tained.
All program segments require a program band and can tell which tape the program segments can be obtained from.
(c) An input tape designation was required of all programs and determines which tape logic or location should be assigned T o the common input tape.
All programs must specify an input tape and specify which logical address or allocation unit must be assigned to the public input band.
(d) An output tape designation was similarly required and specifies the tape logic on which all normal output should be WRI Tten for off-line processing.
An output tape must also be similarly specified, and the specified tape logic is processed offline for all normal outputs.
(e) A library tape classification is used to specify tapes which be always required for the execution of a program.
The classification of library tapes is used to identify tapes that are always required to be executed by the program.
(f) An input file tape are similar to a library tape except this input files may or may not be required for the execution O f a program.
The tape of the input file is similar to a library tape, but it is not necessary for the program to run.

* Presented at the 15th National Conference of the Association for Computing Machinery, 23-26, 1960. 104 Communications of the ACM Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa.

(g) An output file tape designates a scratch tape which could be labeled during the execution of a program and removed when The program is terminated.
An output file tape represents a tape that can be marked for erasure during program execution and removed after the program terminates.
(h) All other tapes is unassigned and no attempt should be made to use them. No Provision is made for changing the classification of a tape at execution time except for the special case of output fil Es.
All other unallocated tapes are not allowed to be used. In addition to special output files, the classification of other tapes is not allowed to change during execution.
Any library or input file tape required for several jobs are retained by the system and released if no further job C Alls for the specific tape. However, an output file tape is used by more than one job or may it is used as an immediate input file.
Any library tapes and input file strips that are required by multiple tasks are retained by the system and are released only when no tasks are needed. However, an output file can not be used by multiple jobs or as an immediate input file.
All input are collected or batched and an input tape are prepared periodically with the offline Card-to-tape equipment.
All inputs are collected or batched and an input tape is periodically treated as an offline card-the tape read-write device.
The arrangement of cards for each job are in the following order. An accounting card was the first card of every job and is used for recording the machine time to process the job.
The card placement for each job is performed in the following order. A debit card is the first card for each job, which is used to record the machine time for processing the job.
The system control card is the second card of a job and was inserted for the first job, a sequence of jobs for a given PR Ogram.
The system control card is the second card for each job and is inserted in the first of a series of jobs for a given program.
The control card identifies the source of the program, the category of all tapes, and the identification of the library tapes When required. The control card may indicate, the program are on the Master System tape or on cards.
The control card identifies the source of the program, the type of all tapes, and identifies the library tapes when needed. The control card can indicate whether the program is on the main system or on a different card.
If The program was on cards, the card program must follow the control card and terminate with a blank card after the last P Rogram segment.
If the program is on a card, the card program must be behind the control card and end with a blank card after the last program segment.
Subsequent jobs in sequence for the same program must not contain the program control card or (when applicable) the binary Card program. Input file tape identification or call cards follow the accounting card except when the control card and possibly the Bina RY program is required.
Subsequent jobs in the same program cannot contain program control cards or, if applicable, binary card programs. Input file tape identification or the card is called after the debit card, in addition to the control card and the possible existence of the binary program.
Punch cards is required of all programs and form the last set of cards for each job. Each job may contain several cases or sets of data.
All programs require a punch card, and the last set of cards is generated for each job. Each job may contain several cases and datasets.
Each case must being terminated with a blank card and the last case was determined when the card following a blank was an Accou Nting card. A special set of Stop cards is written on tape following the last job.
In either case, you must end with a blank card, and the last case is always fixed: When a card is followed by a blank card, it is a debit card. A series of special stop cards are written on the tape after the last assignment.
The system initially processes each tape prepared offline and writes a new tape which are arranged in a further convenient for M for program execution.
The system prepares to process each tape initially offline and writes them to a new tape that is arranged in a form that is more convenient for the sequence execution.
During the preparation of the modified input tape, the system extracts necessary information to prepare a directory of all Jobs to is executed and all tape requirements.
During the preparation process for modifying the input bands, the system extracts the necessary information to prepare a directory of all jobs and required tapes that need to be executed.
Furthermore, the card information is translated during this preliminary phase to the normal six-bit code representation.
In addition, the card information is translated during the initial steps to the preparation of the normal six-bit code.
The initial segment of the first program was loaded from the modified input tape and given control. Operation at this time becomes single phase.
The loading of the initial segment of the first program starts with modifying the input tape and the given control. The operation becomes single-phase at this time.
That's, each program processes all necessary input data, performs the necessary calculations, prepares all desired output , and then returns control to the system to initiate preparation of file tapes and loading of the next program in sequence .
That is, each program processes all the necessary input data, performs the necessary calculations, prepares all the required outputs, and then returns control to the system to initialize the file strip preparation and sequence the next program's load.
There is the system entries available to every program. Twelve of the entries is for initialization and execution of General subroutine operations required by most programs.
A total of 24 system portals can be used by each program. 12 of them are generic subroutines that are used to initialize and execute most programs.
Three entries is for testing specific toggle conditions established by the operator. Entries is for manual execution by the operator. The seven remaining entries is included to accommodate conditions necessary for system operation.
Three entrances are used to test a specific switch specified by the operator. Both are used for manual execution by the operator. The remaining 7 are included in the environment necessary to accommodate operating system operations.

A reprint of the article on the "Conference of University Computing Center directors, June 2-4, 1960" from the October 196 0 issue of Communications May is obtained by addressing a request to
Professor Walter Freiberger
Brown University
Providence, Rhode Island
Reprinted by permission from Armour-Institute.

The BKS System for the Philco-2000 learning note