The composition and function of computer

Computer composition

1 software

1.1 System software system software refers to the control and coordination of computer and external equipment , support application software development and operation of the system, is no user intervention of various programs, the main function is to dispatch, monitor and maintain computer systems Responsible for managing the various independent hardware in the computer system so that they can coordinate their work. System software allows computer users and other software to treat computers as a whole without having to take into account how each of the underlying hardware works.

The 1.1.1 Operating system (Operating system, or OS) is a computer program that manages and controls computer hardware and software resources, is the most basic system software that runs directly on "bare metal", and any other software must be run with the support of the operating system.

The operating system is the interface between the user and the computer, but also the computer hardware and other software. The functions of the operating system include the management of computer system hardware, software and data resources, control program operation, improve human-machine interface, to support other application software, so that all the resources of the computer system to maximize the role, to provide a variety of forms of user interface, so that users have a good working environment, Provide necessary services and corresponding interfaces for the development of other software. In fact, the user is not exposed to the operating system, the operating system manages the computer hardware resources, while according to the application of resource requests, allocating resources, such as: dividing the CPU time, the opening of memory space, call printer and so on.

The 1.1.2 compiler compiler is a program that translates "one language (usually a high-level language)" into "another language (usually a low-level language)". A modern compiler's main workflow: source code → preprocessor (preprocessor) → compiler (compiler) → object code → linker (Linker) → executable Program (EXECU Tables

Advanced computer languages are easy to write, read, communicate, and maintain. Machine language is the computer can be directly read and run. The compiler translates the assembly or Advanced computer language source program as input into the equivalent program of the target language (destination language) machine code. The source code is generally a high-level language (high-level language), such as Pascal, C, C + +, Java, Chinese programming, or assembly language, and the target is the machine language object code (object codes), sometimes called machine code.

For high-level languages such as C #, VB, the compiler completes the function of compiling the source code (SOURCECODE) into a common intermediate language (Msil/cil) bytecode (bytecode). In the last run, the Machine code (NATIVECODE) can be programmed to be computed directly by the CPU by the conversion of the common language runtime.

1.1.3 Database Database is a unit or a general data processing system of application domain, it stores the collection of relevant information belonging to enterprise and business departments, groups and individuals. The data in the database is set up from the global point of view, organized, described and stored according to a certain data model. Its structure is based on the natural relationship between the data, thus providing all the necessary access path, and the data no longer for an application, but for the whole organization, with the overall structural characteristics.

The data in the database is created for the information shared by many users, which has been removed from the limitation and restriction of the specific program. Different users can use the data in the database in their own usage, and multiple users can share data resources in the database at the same time, that is, different users can access the same data in the database at the same time. Data sharing not only satisfies the requirements of each user for information content, but also satisfies the requirement of information communication between each user.

1.2 Middleware middleware is a kind of independent system software or service program, and distributed application software uses this software to share resources among different technologies. The middleware is located on the client/server operating system and manages the computer resources and network traffic. Is software that connects two standalone applications or standalone systems. Connected systems, even though they have different interfaces, can still exchange information with each other through the middleware. One of the key ways to implement middleware is information delivery. With middleware, applications can work in multi-platform or OS environments.

1.3 Application software application software (application software) is corresponding to the system software, is the user can use a variety of programming languages, as well as a variety of programming languages compiled application of the collection, divided into application software packages and user programs. An application package is a collection of programs designed to solve certain types of problems with a computer for use by multiple users.

Application software is a part of the software to meet the needs of users in different areas, different issues and applications. It can widen the application field of computer system, enlarge the function of hardware.

1.3.1 General software General software belongs to the application software, including word processing software, report processing software, geographic information software, network software, game software, enterprise management software, multimedia application software, auxiliary design and ancillary manufacturing (CAD/CAM) software, information security software, other general software.

1.3.2 Industry software Industry software is specifically designed for specific industries, with obvious industry characteristics of the software. the industry software has the characteristics of strong pertinence and easy operation.

2 Hardware

2.1 Motherboard computer Chassis motherboard, also known as the Host Board (mainboard), System Board (Systemboard) or motherboard (motherboard), it is divided into commercial motherboards and industrial motherboards two kinds. It is installed in the chassis, is one of the most basic and most important parts of the microcomputer. The motherboard is generally a rectangular circuit board, which is installed on the computer's main circuit system, generally has a BIOS chip, I/O control chip, key and Panel control switch interface, LED plug-in, expansion slots, motherboards and card DC power supply connectors and other components.

The motherboard features an open architecture. Most of the motherboard has 6-15 expansion slots for the PC Peripheral Device Control Card (adapter) plug. Through the replacement of these cards, the corresponding subsystems of the microcomputer can be upgraded locally, so that manufacturers and users in the configuration of models have greater flexibility. In a word, the motherboard plays an important role in the whole microcomputer system. It can be said that the type and grade of the motherboard determines the type and grade of the whole microcomputer system. The performance of the motherboard affects the performance of the whole microcomputer system.

Motherboard (English: motherboard, mainboard, abbreviation Mobo), also known as the main board, system board, logic board, motherboard, backplane, etc., is a complex electronic system such as the center of the computer or the main circuit board.

2.2 Hard disk drives are one of the main storage media of a computer, consisting of one or more discs made of aluminum or glass. The discs are covered with ferromagnetic materials.

Hard drives are solid-state drives (SSD disks, new hard drives), mechanical hard drives (HDD legacy HDD), Hybrid drives (HHD a new hard drive based on traditional mechanical hard drives). SSDs are stored using flash particles, HDDs are stored with magnetic discs, and hybrid drives (Hhd:hybrid hard disk) are a hard disk that integrates magnetic hard disks and flash memory. Most hard drives are fixed hard disks that are permanently sealed and pinned to the hard drive.

2.3 Memory memory is one of the most important parts of a computer, and it is a bridge to communicate with the CPU. All programs in the computer run in memory, so the performance of the memory affects the computer very much. Memory is also known as internal memory, which is used to temporarily store data in the CPU, as well as with external memory such as the hard disk. As long as the computer is running, the CPU will transfer the data needed for operation into memory, and when the operation is completed, the CPU will transmit the result, and the running of the memory determines the stable operation of the computer. Memory is made up of memory chip, circuit board, Gold finger and so on.

The 2.4CPU CPU (cpu,central processing unit) is an ultra-large-scale integrated circuit that is the computing core (core) and control unit of a computer. Its function is mainly to explain the computer instruction and processing the data in the computer software.

The main CPU consists of the arithmetic logic unit, the Alu,arithmetic logic unit, and the buffer memory (cache) and the bus (data), the control and the state of the connection between them. It is known as the three core components of an electronic computer with internal memory and input/output (I/O) devices.

2.5 Card (Video card,graphics card) Full name Display interface card, also known as the display adapter, is the most basic configuration of the computer, one of the most important accessories. Video card As an important part of the computer host, is the computer for digital signal conversion equipment, bear the output display graphics task. The video card is connected to the computer motherboard, it converts the digital signal of the computer into analog signal to display the display, while the graphics card still has the image processing ability, can help the CPU work, improve the overall speed of operation.

2.6 Network card is working in the link layer of networking components, the LAN is connected to the computer and transmission media interface, not only can achieve with the LAN transmission media between the physical connection and the electrical signal matching, but also related to the sending and receiving of frames, frame packaging and unpacking, media access control, Data encoding and decoding, as well as the function of data caching.

2.7 Peripheral peripherals are referred to as "peripherals", which are hardware devices that are attached to a computer host. The role of data and information transmission, transfer and storage is an important part of the computer system.

2.7.1 Keyboard Keyboard is the most commonly used and the most important input device, through the keyboard can be English letters, numbers, punctuation and other input into the computer, so that the computer issued commands, input data and so on.

2.7.2 Mouse is an input device of the computer, and also an indicator of the vertical and horizontal coordinates of the computer display system to replace the cumbersome instructions entered by the keyboard.

The 2.7.3 display display is also commonly referred to as a monitor. The monitor is the I/O device belonging to the computer, namely input. It is a display tool that displays certain electronic files to the screen and then to the human eye through a specific transmission device.

According to the different manufacturing materials, can be divided into: Cathode ray tube display (CRT), plasma display PDP, liquid crystal display LCD and so on.

2.7.4 Other printer scanner USB stick, etc.

The composition and function of computer