In the book "Programmer's Thinking Practice: Nine lessons of developing potential cognition", this paper introduces a kind of "
NoviceTo
Experts"The growth model, both" Dreyfus Model ". The simple point of the introduction, is how to grow from a novice to an expert training routines. Although this is a "programmer" book, but the "Dreyfus model" is not only used in the field of software, "Dreyfus Model" discovery is far earlier than the field of software. It is said that the the early 1980s has begun to be introduced into medical, flight and other fields. The "Dreyfus Model" is divided into five stages of growth:
- Stage One: Novice
- Stage Two: Advanced novice
- Stage Three: Competent person
- Stage four: Proficient person
- Phase five: Experts
The proportion of people at all stages of each sector is as follows:
(visible, experts are the most scarce, the most is not novice, but advanced novice)Five stages, in addition to the "capacity" of the gap, "functional" there is also a large gap.
Stage One: NoviceNovice is a rookie, is a bit of skill common sense, but basic no experience. Because there is no experience, so the work is also passive, so the task of assigning such people the standard is to give them a "step list", let them follow the steps, others do not care.(the recipe, whether you have the experience of cooking, I believe can be steamed out of an egg.) )Although the list of steps is very rigid, there is no originality, but it is really very practical, can play a large part in the effectiveness of the novice. So if you are a novice, please follow the "steps" to work, practice, and strive for early to reach the "advanced novice". But be vigilant:
rules can only let you go, won't let you walk farther。
Stage Two: Advanced NoviceAdvanced Novice, more than the novice, more experience, but still a novice, and there is no solid foundation and overall view. Compared to the novice, senior novice has a certain problem-solving routines, they know not understand the place can see the manual, How to use the manual. For example a housewife, have a certain cooking experience, when she is ready to do a new dish, she knows where to find recipes, where the recipes better, and then how to use the recipe, although many of the principles of cooking she does not understand, but she is able to make, although the taste may not be good. Advanced beginners generally have such a limited mind:
don't want to think global! They can make the main things themselves, and as for why they do it, how they do it, they generally don't care.
Stage Three: Competent personA competent person has a clear advantage over a senior novice: the ability to solve problems. The competency may not be too big for the advanced novice, but he has a "global mindset" that senior novices don't have. This kind of people will live in the past experience, and actively find ways to solve the problem. People at this level are often considered "active" or "resourceful" and often have the talent to lead a team. However, due to the limitations of experience and technology, such people will ignore many details when solving problems. Can do good things, but can not do things very well. So if you are in this category, you need constant reflection and self-correction, to find a technological breakthrough to reach a new level-"proficient"!
stage four: Proficient personThe proficient person has two qualities:
One is a good global thinking, the second is the ability to self-correction。 Look at the figure one figure above, you can know that the proficient is the second few people. Proficient than the previous categories of people, the biggest breakthrough is the "Correct the past bad performance", they will reflect on the former consequences of the problem, how to do before, now how to do better, very good at learning and improve learning methods. Or with the chef's example, proficient such as senior chefs, they have been familiar with the steps of the chest, know each step of the "why", such as why steamed eggs to use the medium fire, why is 20 minutes, change to a small heat to adjust the time to 30 minutes, egg quality will be more delicious? Or, the indoor temperature will be affected and many other problems. They have a wealth of experience, but not limited to experience, they have good judgment, to timely and bad feedback to give correct!
Phase five: ExpertsNo matter in the field, the experts are a very small number of people, the proportion is probably in the 1%-5%! As a leader in the field, experts will also be the source of knowledge in this field, they write articles, make tour speeches and so on. The degree to which each field is achieved is due to the dedication of experts in the field, so the level of expertise achieved in this field determines the height of the field. Experts have a very strong trait-to do things by instinct, do not need any reason! For example, doctors treat people. At first glance, the doctor said, "I think the patient has Blosen-platt syndrome and it's better to do some tests." "The patient was examined and the doctor proved to be correct," he found. Well, you might want to ask, how did the Doctor know? But the doctor may answer: "He doesn't look very well." "In fact, the patient just doesn't look very comfortable. Somehow, in a doctor's mind, with all sorts of experience, judgment, memory, and all the other help, the doctor combined all the good clues in the patient and came to the conclusion. Maybe, just the patient's skin is pale and white, or the patient is lying down with a pose problem, but who knows? But the expert knows! Experts know all the unimportant details, even the smallest details. Perhaps not consciously, but experts know the details of the relationship, can safely ignore those details, experts are good at doing targeted feature matching. The five steps of the Dreyfus model are probably the case, and the author lists several tricks:
- Rule ruin expert
- Novice use rules, experts use intuition
- Know what you don't know
- Beginners learn by imitating and observing.
- Experts to maintain practice to maintain expert level
- If you need creativity, intuition or originality, avoid using forms
- Learn the skills to learn
The path of expert's cultivation--Dreyfus model
